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MISCELLANEOUS & SEDATIVES (ER 3.2) - Coggle Diagram
MISCELLANEOUS & SEDATIVES
(ER 3.2)
Miscellaneous
Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)
Treatment of CCN
Give loading dose iv and follow with maintenance dose i/m every 4-6 hours
Combine with steroids for cerebral oedema
If not right in 24 hours – brain damage
Vitamin E / Selenium
(Vitesel, Deposel)
Deficiency associated with RFM, immunosuppression, mastitis, white muscle disease
Short and long-acting preparations
No harm to give to a weak calf
Occasional drug reactions
Uterine Relaxant
Planipart
Contains clenbuterol (Angel Dust)
β-adrenergic agent
Deceases intensity and frequency of uterine contractions i.e. postpone labour
Used for caesarians and embryotomy’s
Give to pregnant cows to counteract the uterotonic effects of α2 agonists (e.g. xylazine 2%)
Off label to use it to couse bronchodilation in calves with pneumonia or cattle in anaphylaxis
(Does work though)
Oxytocin
Increases uterine contractions
Increases milk release
Use: uterine ruptures and RFM
Cause of RFM = immunosuppression
Oxytocin does not help a cow to pass a retained placenta
Uterus most sensitive to oxytocin when oestrogen primed
Best to use repeated small doses (20 iu intramuscularly TID-QID) or preferably intravenous drip (60-100iu over 6-10 hrs)
Always use oxytocin in a cow if she was treated with clenbuterol (
Planipart
)
Carbetocin
(Reprocine)
Same indications as oxytocin
Marketed to help passage of RFM but no effect
Uterine contraction in cases of post-partum haemorrhage (middle uterine artery/vaginal artery bleed)
LA oxytocin – apparently lasts 3 days
Some reproductive scanner technicians using Carbetocin in protocols now instead of oestrogen – obviously useless
No requirement for this
Buscupan
Spasmolytic
Will decrease motility initially followed by increased contractions
Butylscopolamine bromide (parasympatholytic) + Methimazole (weak NSAID)
Can get straight Buscupan without the NSAID
Useful in cases of spasmodic colic – most common in calves
Useful in caecal tympany/dilation
Routine treatment in non-specific GIT disease/obstruction/colic
No longer licenced for cattle
Iodides
Sodium and Potassium iodide
Sodium iodide used intravenously (through catheter preferably)
Potassium iodide – orally only
Sodium iodide most commonly used in farm animal practice
Useful in diseases where chronic inflammation and the deposition of fibrous tissue
Sodium iodide:
1g/12kg in a 1:10 solution iv (irritant) once off
1g/14kg can be used weekly
Common conditions used for:
Actinomycosis
Actinobacillosis
Chronic abscessation e.g. listeriosis, chronic pneumonia
Cellulitis
Ringworm
Recently research indicating it may be useful to treat acute bacterial pneumonia
Anti-fibroblastic, fibrinolytic, antimicrobial, antifungal
Mederantil
Centrally-acting appetite stimulant (1ml/100kg iv)
Benzodiazapine derivative acting on hypothalamus
Used in calves with poor suck reflex to encourage sucking
Give i/v or i/m and should see effects after 10-15 mins
Not very reliable in my opinion but useful with “dummy” calves
Probably overused
Many calves are probably acidotic and their suck would come if HCO3 administered
Used in adult cattle with conditions e.g. ketosis, toxaemia but again no use if don’t treat the underlying cause of inappetance
Cardiorespiratory Stimulants
Doxopram
Dopram-V
i/v or drops/paste applied onto tongue
Used in calves post dystocia where hypoxia suspected
Melophylline/dalophylline
Similar use ie cardioresp stimulant in calves post dystocia
Freecardyl
same again
Lidocaine Drip of Ileus
Lidocaine is the most potent pro-motility agent available for cattle –
completely off-label however
Particularly good for intestinal motility
Useful post abdominal surgery e.g. right volvulus of the abomasum; resection and anastomosis
Acts on receptors of the GIT to decrease spasm, creating an analgesic and relaxing effect to counteract ileus
Dose = 50ml/litre; give 500ml in 10litres at a slow to moderate flow rate (0.05mg/kg/min)
May use loading dose (1.3mg/kg iv): 35ml in bottle Ca
Monensin Bolus
Kexxtone
Monensin is an iodophor antibiotic
Glucogenic and anti-ketogenic
Stimulates increased proprionate production in the rumen
Useful as a preventative against NEB, ketosis and fatty liver in high risk cows
Cows in excess BCS pre-calving
High yielders
Cows carrying twins
Cows that had LDA in previous lactations
Given 3-4 weeks prior to expected calving
Licenced to reduce/prevent periparturient ketosis
Reduces BCS loss
Improves feed intake and feed conversion
Not licenced as a treatment
DRUG REACTIONS
Sulphonamides IV !!! (avoid – give IM instead)
Most common antibiotic associated with anaphylaxis/dropping dead off the needle
Nuflor IV – drop dead
Xylazine 2% in bulls IV
Micotil iv – deadly! 0.1ml IV can kill
Levamisole toxicity
Neurological signs – narrow toxic threshold – overdosing risk
Oxyclozanide toxicity
GIT floral upset – diarrhoea, milk drop post-dosing
As a general rule do not inject anything thick and viscous IV (except phenylbutazone in horses) and if you do inject it very slowly
Avoid white/cream antibiotics (penicillins) IV
Cheaper drugs are more likely to give problems IV
If still alive : dexamethasone or adrenaline
Sedatives/Anaesthetics
Xylazine 2%
:Best used in cattle > 2 months old (young neonates – use lower dose)
Side-effects include:
Hypoxia and bradycardia
Abortifacient in last trimester of pregnancy
Sudden death in bulls when administered iv
Used in Choke for oesophageal relaxation
Strong sedation + recumbency
1ml/80-100kg IM
1ml/160-200kg IV (half the dose IV)
Reduce dose to keep animal standing
Need to increase dose in agitated animals
Xylazine epidural
Excellent method of standing sedation and longer lasting epidural than lidocaine (6-8 hours)
0.03-0.07mg/kg xylazine2% = 0.5 to 1ml per 300kg made up to a total volume of 1ml per 100kg using lidocaine
Detomidine
Domidine – now licenced for cattle
Good standing sedation
Less ataxia than xylazine 2%
Useful for standing surgery
0.1ml/100kg iv gives strong standing sedation
Reduce as necessary
Romifidine
Sedivet
Not licenced for cattle
Excellent sedation and possibly less profound side-effects than xylazine
Less recumbency – animal stands but is well sedated
Dose-dependent effests as for xylazine 2%
Good standing sedation : 0.1ml/100kg iv
Butorphanol
Torbugesic
Not commonly used in farm animal practice
Good visceral pain relief
Used in neonates to allow reduction of dose of α2 agonist
General Anaesthesia
Less commonly needed in farm animal practice
Combination of xylazine 2% and Ketamine
Ketamine
Need to top up with ¼ to 1/3 of dose every 7-10 mins from then on
Ketamine continuous rate infusion an option
Ketamine : 1ml/50kg bodyweight - Lasts for approx. 20 mins
Pentobarbitone
Euthatal
Used in cases of grass tetany to stop convulsions : 5-8ml slowly iv; if not stopped in 30secs give 5 more to max of 15ml
NB Release is 50% more concentrated than Euthatal so alter dose
Some use pentobarbitone for GA e.g. for umbilical hernia surgeries in calves : 1ml/80-100kg (take care – fluids to maintain blood pressure vital with this and α2 agonists )
Euthanasia : 1ml/5kg minimum – 120 to 150 ml for a large cow with Euthatal
80-100ml Release is usually sufficient
Vaccines