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Chapter 21: Nonvascular plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts - Coggle…

- - - - leafy stem closely grow together, tightly appressed and forming dense mounds
      - gametophore grow from an apical meristem that conatins a prominent apical cell.
      - Leaves are aligned in three row at least while young
      - Cuticle occurs only on upper surface of most of the mosses
      - lack of cuticle means that, mosses have little protection from desiccation
      - No stomato occurs in mosses because the lreaves are unistratose
    - - hydroids
        
        that conduct water and dissolve minerals
        
        elongated cell that losses their cytoplasm during maturation
        
        Each hydroids are aligned with those above and below it.
      - leptoids
        
        Species that has hydroids typically also have leptoids
        
        cell that ressemble sieve cells
        
        elongated, have relatively prominent interconnections with adjacent cells
        
        lack nuclei at maturity
      - Rhizoids
        
        at thebase of the stem that penetrate the surface of the stem.
        
        only anchor the stem, they do not absorbs either water or minerals.
        
        lacks chloroplast and have reddish walls.
    - - Begins when a spore germinates and send out a long, slender chlorophyllous cells
      - Protonema: A branched stem of similar cell after chlorophullous cell undergoes mitosis cell division.
    - - Gametophore produce gametangia
      - Oogamous
        
        mosses has small biflagellate sperm cells and nonmotile egg cells
      - Sperms are produced in microgametangia called antheridia.
      - egg occurs in megagametangia called archegonia.
  - - - small size
      - lack of conducting tissue
    - - drying does not damage them as it does most vascular plants and algae.
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        thin leaves on slender stem.
        
        two rounded lobe with no midrib and no conducting tissue
        
        leaves are arranged in two clearly defined row.
      - Thallose liverworts
        
        not leafy at all but rather flat and ribbonlike or heart shaped and bilaterally symmetrical
        
        cells are loosely arranged as an arenchyma with large chamber that opens to exterior by the means of air pores