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REPRODUCTION (ER 3.1), Intra-Uterine ABs, Pregnancy maintenance is…

- - - - Can lead to H+, endometrial scarring, metritis and poor fertility
    - - Dystocia
        only 2-3%
        
        Excessive handling during dystocia => swelling of endometrium => increased strength of cotyledon-caruncle junction leading to retention of placenta
        
        takes 7-10d for autolysis to occur before removed
      - Immunosupression
        main cause
        
        RFM = failure of invasion of WBCs into junction so they can release chemicals (peroxidases) that will break down junction allowing placenta to be passed
        
        Not enough WBCs - RFM
        
        NB for dairy cows
        
        If high prevalence in a herd - look for causes of immunosupression
        
        Hypocalcaemia (clinical/SC)
        
        negative effect on neutrophil FN
        
        Trace element deficiencies (I,Cu, Se)
        
        NEB / Ketosis
        
        high or low BCS at calving
        
        Induction of parturition with steroids (immunosup.)
        
        Investigation requires Metabolic profiling (bloods, diet, feed space issues, dystocia)
  - - - Oxytet, penstrep, noroclav
    - - Recently calved cows will have large open cervix (not endometritis)
      - Large bore NG tube (equine) passed through
      - Funnel & jug
        
        Warm water +/- iodine
        
        3L at a time (~ total 10L)
        
        siphon straight back out (drop tube)
      - RTF: placenta will block tube and you won't get 3L back - making problem worse (painful, infertility, peritonitis if tear)
      - Caesarian: DO NOT lavage if any holes in uterus
        (putting pressure on the stitches and may cause peritonitis)
      - Any evidence of H+: could be a tear you can't see - peritonitis.
        Blood clots/bleeds mentioned - avoid
      - Best Tx is systemic ABs
  - - - may need to repeat 1wk later
        +/- IU ABs
    - - P4 suppressed immune FN at level of the endometrium
      - Leads to reduced clearing of infection from the uterus
- - - - Best response to co-synch program
        
        GnRH + CIDR/PRID on day of exam
        
        PG 7 days later or at removal of PRID/CIDR on day 8
        
        GnRH 48 hours later
        
        Serve at heat
        
        Same protocol for sync. cows gets rid of follicular cysts
      - Inject GnRH to lutenise the follicular cyst
        Followed by PG 7 days later
      - Wall diameter < 5mm (3-5)
    - - PG single shot at 2-days oestrus
      - repeat after 11d if necessary
      - Best results with co-synch program
      - Follicular wall >= 7mm
        (already reactive to PG)
    - - NEB
        (dairy)
        
        poor LH pulse frequency
        
        Good ovarian function requires sufficient blood glucose
- - - - Day 150-180 (5-6m) combo of both
        (PG & dex)
      - After 180d (6m) - 25mh steorid
      - Inducing abortion with PG not effective
        (maintenance of preg = placenta)
      - CL only becomes important again after day 270 (9m)
        (can induce parturition with PG alone)
      - Inducing an advanced preganacy = Not advised
        
        can lead to dystocia, cow mightn't open up to pass calf etc
  - - - Normally foetal steroids act on placenta to activate enzymes progestagens to androgens to oestrogens.
        
        Oestrogen acts on uterus get Pg which acts on oxytocin receptors, also luteolysis by Pg
    - - If she springs up...
        
        follow with SA dex or PG result in calving after 2 days
    - - Give combo and Sx
        12-24hrs later
        
        NB to give steroid before Sx as NB for final maturation of calf
        (surfactant and strength of calf)
  - - - Animals that do not come in heat should...
        
        receive a second injection after 11 days
        
        inseminated 72-96 hours later
        (or when showing signs of heat)
      - After palpation of CL, treat with PGF2α and inseminate at oestrus
    - - Co-synch once cows are not in NEB
        no effect in the face of weight loss and NEB
      - Try drop down to once/day milking
        cow might come in herself
      - For sucklers - taking the calf off the cow for periods of time or letting calf into the cow 2/3 times a day can help to bring calf into heat
- - - - Cystic ovarian disease (with PG)
      - Anoestrus
        
        Decrease CCI by administration d10-20 pp
        
        No effect in presence of NEB
      - After AI to improve conception rates (‘holding injection’)
        
        Administer at time of insemination
        
        Administer mid-cycle (11-14 days post-oestrus)
      - Superovulation
        
        Administer between day 8-13 of the cycle
        Followed by PGF2α after 48 hours to induce ovulation
      - OvSync program
- - - - Chronic endometritis, pyometra and mummified foetuses
      - Induction of abortion
      - Luteal cysts
      - Suboestrus
      - Induction of parturition
    - - Synchronisation
      - Fixed time AI
        
        Synchronisation of a group by injecting with PGF2α twice with an interval of 11-13 days and inseminating 72-96 hours after second injection