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Foreign relations; war - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reasons
        
        Stalin did not want to fight a war on two fronts with Germany and Japan
        
        Hitler did not want to fight a British-French-Soviet alliance
      - Outcome
        
        USSR had protection against Germany at a time they were militarily weak
        
        Allowed him to concentrate on internal affairs
        
        Teritorial gains for Russia and the destruction of Poland
        
        Could look forward to a war which would economically and militarily exhaust Britain, France and Germany
    - - Germany and Russia excluded from the League of Nations
        
        Reintegrating Russia to international affairs
      - Articles
        
        1 and 2 waived need for compensation
        
        3 reopened diplomatic relations
        
        4 and 5 dealt with mutual goodwill in commercial and economic relations
        
        Secret agreements to allow military exercises in the USSR
    - - Adaptation of Treaty of Rapallo 1922
        
        Article 1 restated need for friendliness
        
        Article 2 stated if either country were attacked by a third party, the other would remain neutral
        
        Article 3 promised not to join an economic boycott
        
        stated the treaty would remain for 5 years and then discuss their future relations
    - - By 1932 the Nazi Party were gaining popularity and would force a change in Soviet policy
      - Stalin was slow to react
        
        Claimed Hitler's rise would accelerate the collapse of capitalism
        
        Did nto protest the repression of the KPD by Nazi regime
        
        Continued militarya nd naval cooperation
        
        However he did seek new allies
  - - - Phase 1 June 1941 to October 1942
        
        USSR struggled to survive against successive German advances
        
        Soviet armies defeated at Smolensk and Minsk
        
        Leningrad was encircled by September
        
        Fall of Kiev 19 September 500,000 troops surrendered
        
        Offered peace negotiations 15 October
        
        Halt of advance on Moscow 5 December
        
        Limited fighting in early 1942
        
        Case Blue - plan to advance Caucasus oilfields - fall of Rostov on the Don in July
        
        Case Blue was sidetracked by plans to capture Stalingrad
        
        By October 1942 the Germans were on the defensive
      - Phase 2 October 1942 to August 1943
        
        USSR stabilised its war effort and halted German advance
        
        The war had become the long war Germnay wanted to avoid
        
        By early 1943 Hitler was running out of men and resources
        
        Operation Citadel July - a great offensive near Kursk - halted by Soviet firepower at the Battle of Prokhorovka
      - Phase 3 August 1943 to December 1944
        
        USSR moved onto the offensive and achieved total victory
        
        A chain of Soviet victories - reconquering Ukraine, lifting the siege of Leningrad, invading Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary
        
        Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met at Tehran to discuss the near victory
        
        By 1945 c12 million civilians had died from hunger and cold
    - - Soviet strengths
        
        Geographical size - German's struggled with communication, USSR moved industry east
        
        Population was nearly triple Germany's
        
        Vast natural resources unleashed by war - ourproduced Germany
        
        Command economy established pre-war
        
        After a bad start, leadership became ruthlessly effective - Stalin became very capable, generals highly competent, propaganda
      - German weaknesses
        
        Hitler did not achieve a rapid victory
        
        From Dceember 1941 had to fight a two-front war
        
        Lacked self-sufficiency in raw materials
        
        Replaced best generals with yes-man
        
        Alienated peoples in occupied countries, provoking resistance movements
      - Allied forces
        
        Presented a threat to Hitler from other fronts
        
        Mass bombing campaign by Britian and American
        
        Allied secret intelligence undermined Germany's war effort
        
        Economic and military aid to the USSR
    - - Industry
        
        Focus switched from military goods to civilian
        
        MIning production running at below half the 1940 level
        
        Electric power at 52%
        
        Steel at 45%
        
        Problems exaggerated by end of foreign aid
        
        Fourth Five Year Plan - 88% investment went into heavy industry - industrial output increased by 80%
        
        Large scale construction projects were devised - Stalin's Grand Projects of Communism
        
        Focus on military expenditure due to the Cold War - military spending made up 18% of total expenditure in 1950
      - Agriculture
        
        98,000 collective farms had been ruined
        
        Food production was 60% of the 1940 level
        
        Famine 1946-7 - began in Ukraine after the dislocation of the war - intensified by severe drought
        
        Agriculture was not a primary focus in Stalin's policy and so suffered sever shortages
        
        As soon as the war was over Stalin imposed strict discipline on farms - an end to private farming made a drop in production
        
        Grain production reached its pre-war levels by 1952