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Society and Culture; propaganda - Coggle Diagram
Society and Culture; propaganda
Cult of personality
Stalinist cult
Images of happy workers
Stalin pictured alongside Lenin and Marx - 'Stalin is the Lenin of today'
Imagery of tsarist past to connect with peasantry
Creation and promotion of Leninist cult benefitted Stalin's own status
STalin did not encourage the creation of the cult but did nothing to stop it
Read a copy of the official Short Biography of his life and insisted it be revised to praise his qualities more
Falsification of history
The History of the All-Union Communist Party - main historical textbook for schools
Stalin assumed a primary role in the October/Novemebr revolution 1918 with the old BVs portrayed as enemies of the state
Photos were doctored to show Stalin at Lenin's side
Workers
Stakhanovites
Stakhanov cut an extraordinary 102 tonnes of coal in under 6 hours
Competitions for others to try achieve the same
Propaganda to create a new proletarian culture of teamwork and selfless sacrifice
Was not universally popular with workers - jealousy - Stakhanovites were targeted by colleagues
Managers
Ensured targets were reacherd - would be punished if not
Wrecking - economic or industrial sabotage, failing to meet targets, low morale, lack of effort or incompetence
Too much effort from Stakhanovites could result in targets being raised
Some workers accused managers of wrecking because they failed to provide tools for their Stakhanovite efforts
Managers faced labour shortages as conditions in collectives improved and reduced migration to cities
Workers
7 day working week
Being late or missing work could result in dismissal
enthusiasm amonf workers in the early years - training programme and opportunities for advancement by learning new skills
New Socialist Man
Women and families
Women
Communist doctrines of equality - only represented 29% of the workforce and were concentrated in the lowest paying sectors
Zhenotdel - department for women's affairs shut down January 1930
Women in industry increased to nearly half of all industrial workers
New family code 1936
Abortion illegal
Made more difficult to get a divorce
Contraception banned
Mothers with 6 or more children received tax exemptions
Children aged 12 and above who committed violent crimes could be tried as adults
Adultery was criminalised
Decrees against prostitution and homosexuality
The divorce rate stayed high - 37% in Moscow
150,000 abortions to every 57,000 births
Education
Education
Free eduction was offered at all levels in the 1920s
Stalin regarded thre results of this as disasterous
Society needed a better skilled industrial workforce
The quota system for working-class students to attend higher education was scrapped - the more abled received a stroing academic education
Emphasis on training industrial specialists
For the less able, increasing amounts of practical work were encouraged
Great spread of literacy from 65% of the population to 94% in towns - a more literate population could more easily consume propaganda
Youth organisations
Komsomol - the all-Leninist Union Young Communist League 1926
Komsomol grew under Stalin and taught communist values
Members took an oath of loyalty to the Stalinist state
Helped with projects like Magnitogorsk
Some young people were interested in western culture despite the regime denouncing it, some opted out of the komsomol and joined oppositional youth organisations
Religion
The Church
Marx claimed religion justified the worship of the upper classes
Lenin had allowed freedom of religious expression while destroying the earthly presence of the Orthodox church
Stalin closed religious schools, restricted worship to registered congregations
Holy day of Sunday was abolished
Brief relaxation of anti-religious policy in 1935
Stalin Constitution 1936 criminalised the publication of religious propaganda
40,000 christian churches shut
Islam
Sharia courts were abolished
Mecca pilgrimages were prohibited 1935
25,000 Mosques were closed
Regardless of attack oin religion there were still signs of religious believers
More than half a million people still identified as religious believers in the 1937 census
Socialist Realism
Literature
Union of the Soviet Writers 1932
How the Steel was Tempered
Pravda - 'With Us' and 'With Them' - With Us showed happy socialist workers, With Them showed dreary conditions in the West
Story of Pavlik Morozov - denounced his father as a kulak
Music
Return to classical of tsarist period - Tchaikovsky
Revival of tradition folk for peasants - representing the national culture and heritage
Film
Art
Landscape art
Stainless steel sculpture - Worker and Kolkhoz Woman - depicted a man and woman with a sickle and hammer raised over their heads in workers' solidarity
Socialist Realism
An artistic portrayal of the idealistic version of what Russia could become with Socialism
Stalin believed the arts were pointless unless used to support socialist ideology
Culture was to be designed for 'ordinary people' but threre was no attempt to create a new proletarian culture - more similar to the old bourgeois culture because the peasantry could already relate to this
Architecture
Lenin's mausoleum shrine
Five red stars replaced the imperial eagles on the Kremlin
Moscow Metro opened in 1935 has stations desinged as 'palaces of light' - inspire pride
Marxist stage theory
Socialist state
Rather than aclassless society, Stalin had created a new hierarchy of Party members
Peasants were not exploited by capitalist employers but now the Soviet state
According to Marxist stage theory, the state was supposed to 'wither away' to achieve socialism
Claimed to have reached socialism based on the closing of private factories and collectivisation
Socialism did not exist under Stalin becasue the control of production was not in the workers' hands but used for totalitartian power by Stalin