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Cuesta-Baltazar Nevaeh, Reproductive system - Coggle Diagram
Cuesta-Baltazar Nevaeh, Reproductive system
Functions
Females
-Produce female gametes (ovum/egg)
-Prepares for support of developing egg during pregnancy
-Consists of Ovaries-Primary sex organs
- Accessory organs:
- Prepare for implantation to the endometrium and prepares for developing pregnancy
- Delivery of the fetus
- Nurtures baby after birth
Males
Reproduce
- Process by which individuals of a species are produced
- Sexual Reproduction- Reproduction involving two -parents -Fertilization- Fusion of egg and a zygote
Anatomy
-
Females
Ovaries
Female gonad, paired, almond shaped organ on either side of uterus
- Fibrous capsules called Tunica Albuginea
- Outer cortex houses developing female gamete with follicles
- Inner medulla contains loose connective tissue with large blood vessels and nerves
Oogenesis
-Process of producing ova or egg cells
- total supply of eggs present since birth
- Ovulation or ability to release eggs begins at puberty
- Matured oocyte called Graafian Follicle just before being released
Ductus system:
-Uterine tubes
Uterine Tubes
- Receives the ovulated oocyte
- Provide a site for fertilization
- Fertilizations occurs inside uterine tube
- attached medially to uterus
Uterus
- Hallow organ
- Functions:
- Receive fertilized egg
- Retain fertilized egg -
Nourish fertilized egg
Walls
- Endometrium:
- Inner layer
- Allows for implantation of fertilized egg
- sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during mensus -Myometrium:
- Middle layer of smooth muscle
-Perimetrium:
- Outer visceral peritoneum
Regions
-Body:
- Main portion
-Fundus:
- area where uterine tube enters
-Cervix:
- Narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
Vagina
- Serves as birth canal
- Receives penis during sexual intercourse
Hymen: partially closers the vagina until it's ruptured
Mons Pubis
- Fatty pad overly the pubic area, covered by pubis hair after puberty
Labia
-Skinfolds around the vaginal opening
-Labia Majora:
- outer fold
-Labia Minor:
- inner fold
Vestibule
- Enclosed by the labia majora
- Contains opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland
Clitoris
- Contains erectile tissue
- Corresponds to the male penis
Hormones
Males
Luteinizing Hormone(LH):
- Stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH):
- At puberty, stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
- Both LH and FSH are released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(GnRH):
- Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
- Triggered by low levels of testosterone
- Controlled by a negative feedback
Inhibin:
- Released by the testis when high levels of testosterone are present to release stimulate hypothalamus to to release Gonadotropin Inhibiting Hormone (GnIH) to stop production of LH and FSH
Testosterone:
- Stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
- Causes secondary sex characteristics
Females
Gonadotropin releasing Hormone (GnRH):
- Released by hypothalamus in brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH & FSH
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH):
- Stimulates development & maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
- Spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
Inhibin:
- Decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen:
- Primary female sex hormone released by follicle
- Low levels causes release of FSH
- High levels causes release of LH & GnRH
- Thickening of uterine wall
- Causes secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone:
- Triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
- Stimulates development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
Reproductive Cycle:
- Cycle runs 28 days on average
2 Cycles:
- Ovarian Cycle
- Uterine Cycle
Ovarian Cycle:
- Occurs in ovaries leading to maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte
- made up of the follicular phase(before ovulation) & Luteal phase(after ovulation)
Follicular Phase:
- Days 1-14
- Extends from beginning of mensuration until ovulation
- FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
- Follicular cells secrete estrogen tp become secondary follicle
- Only 1 follicle becomes Graafian Follicle
Ovulation:
- Day 14
- Triggered by sudden spike in LH caused by steady increase of estrogen stimulating pituitary gland
- Graafian follicle releases oocyte
- Slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temp. to rise about 0.4-0.6 F
Luteal Phase:
-Day 15-28
- When follicle expels oocyte, empty shell becomes corpus luteum
- Corpus Luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen & inhibin, which suppresses FSH
- in absence of pregnancy, Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing decrease in progesterone and estrogen
- If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Uterine Cycle:
- occurs in uterus to prepare uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum
- Made of menstrual, proliferative phase(before ovulation), and Secretory phase (after ovulation)
Menstrual:
- Day 1-5
- Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, then sloughed off
- Bleeding lasts for 3-5 days
Proliferative phase:
- Day 6-14
- Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness
- Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
Secretory phase:
- Day 15-28
- In response to rising levels of progesterone by corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
- Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain embryo until implantation occurs
- if pregnancy doesn't occur towards end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
- Progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
Disorders
STD's:
- Most people experience little to no symptoms
- Only latex condoms prevent the spread of STD's
- Abstinence is the only way to prevent STD's
Bacterial STD's
Chlamydia:
- 4 million cases occur each year - most common STD
- can be cured by antibiotics
Male symptoms:
- Discharge from penis and/or burning during urination
- Burning and itching around opening of penis
- Pain/swelling in testicles
- low grade fever due to inflammation of testicles or epididymis
Female Symptoms:
- No symptoms
- White/ grey vaginal discharge or burning during urination
- Lower pelvic pain or abdominal pain
- Bleeding between menstrual period
- low grade fever due to infection progress
Gonorrhea:
- Caused by bacteria
- Spread from close sexual contact
- can spread from mother to child during child birth - can spread to other unlikely parts of body(mouth, throat, rectum)
- if left untreated can lead to infertility in both sexes
- can be cured with antibiotics
Male symptoms:
- yellow/white drip/ discharge from penis
- burning or pain during urination
- frequent urination
- swollen testicles
Female Symptoms:
- yellow/ white discharge from vagina
- may be burning or pain when urinating
- bleeding between periods and heavier or more painful periods
Syphilis:
- Symptomless for years
- caused by bacteria, can be cured with antibiotics in early stages
- Spread from person to person through direct contact with syphilis sore, semen, or vaginal fluids
- Sores appear anywhere semen and vaginal fluid comes in contact with such as genitals, anus, rectum, lips, mouth, eyes
- Symptoms go through various stages
Early symptoms:
- Painful sore at point of contact called chancres
- chancres can turn into copper colored skin rashes on hand and feet or cover body entirely
Later symptoms:
- Fever, headaches, loss of appetite
- symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually traveling to other organs including brain, eyes, heart, etc, causing organ damage
- Can lead to death in 10-30 years due to heart attack or from brain damage
Viral STD's
Herpes:
- Caused by the herpes virus
- can't cured but can be treated with antiviral medication
Male symptoms:
- Small sore or blisters on penis
Female Symptoms:
- Blisters in or around vagina
- fever and headache
Genital warts:
- caused by HPV
- No cure but prevent through vaccination
- Symptoms same for males & females
Symptoms:
- warts look like tiny cauliflowers but can be raised or flat
- May cause itching, burning, but most often don't cause pain
- warts may be not detected in females because they are located internally
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):
- Caused by HIV
- spread though sexual intercourse but can be passed by sharing needles or from mother to baby through child birth or breastfeeding
- no cure only treatment
Symptoms:
- No symptoms until immune systems activated
- fever, fatigue
- swollen lymph nodes
- weight loss
- opportunistic infections
Parasitic STD's
Pubic lice/ Crabs:
- caused by parasite that looks like 'crabs'
- usually located around pubic area around hair but can be found axilla, eyelashes, and moustache
- spread through direct contact with lice even through bleeding or clothing
-Treated with shampoo or cream
Symptom:
- Terrible, persisting, itching around area
Trichomoniasis:
- caused by tiny parasite - mostly common in women
- Can be transmitted to baby during child birth
- treatment through oral medication
Female symptoms:
- Itching and burning at opening of vagina and vulva
- painful frequent urination
- heavy, unpleasant, frothy, greenish, yellow discharge
Male symptoms:
- no symptoms
- or discomfort in urethra or inflamed head of penis