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Evolution - Coggle Diagram
Evolution
History of Evolution
Anthropogenesis (the process of becoming human)
The whole life on Earth began with prokaryotic (around 3.65 BYA) & eukaryotic cells (around 2.7 BYA)
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
The DNA is protected in a nucleus which floats in cytoplasm
DNA is arranged into chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
non-homologous chromosomes
Examples: Yeast cells
Source
Prokaryotic
Examples: Bacteria cells
Source
It has no nucleus; the genetic material, DNA, is floating in the cytoplasm
Human evolution began around 7 MYA
Divided into three major groups
Early Hominids
Australopithecines (4.4 MYA)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsp06ERWEzI
video of their characteristics
Source
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtEkyk8vZ6E
Evolution of Australopithecines
Source
Homo genus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
First from our ancestors to leave Africa
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Cro-Magnon - one of the earliest homo sapiens that lived in Europe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehV-MmuvVMU
Source
Evolution occurs through natural selection
This theory was firstly suggested by Charles Darwin
Wallace shared the same thought; Darwin was Wallace's mentor
Source
What is natural selection with Steps
Step 1: While reproduction, random mutations occur
Nota Bene - those mutation can be also caused by outside factors such as UV radiation
Step 2: Due to random mutation there is an existence of different variations (off springs with a small difference in their genomes)
Step 3: There is a competition for resources, in which those variants who have better mutations win and survive
Traits that are more suitable for a certain environment define as adaptation
Step 4: Those who survive tend to reproduce more and with that they change the genepool
Step 5: Species with unbeneficial traits die and in one point of time they go extinct
Examples:
SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus; Covid-19)
The virus is getting deadlier, because the massive reproduction creates more variants, and those variants which are able to survive more (are more deadly) tend do spread more
Source
To see the whole 3D model of the coronavirus attacking an airway cell -
Website
Genes inherited from Neanderthals aggravate the symptoms of Covid-19
(
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU
)
Source
Factors that stimulate natural selection & speciation
Gene flow
Source
genetic drift
Types of Evolution
Microevolution
Antibiotic resistance
caused by variations in bacteria
bacteria lack a nucleus = prokaryotic
There is an antibiotic resistance crisis in U.S. due to overuse & misuse of antibiotics (
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521/
) - this is a science report on that
Source
Macroevolution
Coevolution
Source
