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The Reproductive System Aaliyah Avina P.5 - Coggle Diagram
The Reproductive System Aaliyah Avina P.5
Major Functions of the Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Functions to produce & disseminate a large quantity of male gamete (sex cells = sperm)
Goal is to produce sperm & deliver it to the egg
Produces of sperms
delivers sperms into the female reproductive system
Female Reproductive System
Produces the female gamete (ovum/egg)
Prepares for support of developing embryo during pregnancy
Facilitates fertilization, supports & nourishes the growing embryo
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes
-primary male sex organ
-functions as sperm-producing factories
Coverings of Testes:
Tunica albuginea
- capsule surrounding the testes
Septa (septum)
- extends into the testes & divides into lobules
-an external structure
Penis
-tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
-delivers urine to exterior
-semen into female reproductive tract
Regions of Penis:
Internal Structure of Penis
:
Corpora Cavernosa
- tissue surrounding blood vessel that contain blood during erection
Corpora Spongiosum
- surrounds the urethra
-
Root
- attached to body wall
-
Shaft (body)
- free, a movable portion of penis, contains 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
-
Glans Penis (enlarged tip)
- contains urethral opening
-
Prepuce (foreskin)
- fold cuff of skin around proximal end
Scrotum
-Regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
-Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that hods the testes
-Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temp to protect sperm viability
Epididymis
-Comma-shaped,tightly coiled tube
-In the superior part of testis & posterior lateral side
-Functions to mature & store sperm cells (20 days)
-contractions force sperm into the vas deferens
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
-carries sperm from the epidiymis to the ejaculatory duct
-goes through the inguninal canal & over the urinary bladder
-moves by peristalsis (forward movement)
Vasectomy- cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of testes to prevent transportation of sperm
Urethra
-Is 7- 8 inches long, extending from urinary bladder base to tip of penis
-carries both sperm & urine (not at same time)
-sperm enters through ejaculatory duct
Seminal Vesicle
-produces a thick, alkaline, yellowish secretion
-Located at base of the urinary baldder
-contains fructose(sugar), vitamin C & other substance that nourish & activate the sperm
Prostate Gland
-secretes milky fluid that helps activate sperm
-encircles the upper part of the urethra
-shape of chestnut & makes up 25% of semen
Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper's Gland)
-located at base of the penis below the prostate
-secretes an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation
-lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
-makes up 5% of semen
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Ovaries
(female gonad)
-Primary female sex organ
-almond-shaped organ, on either side of uterus
-produce eggs & hormones
-Cortex= female gamete, the oocyte, w/ in follicles
-Inner medulla= loose connective tissue w/ large blood vessels & nerves
Support for Ovaries:
Suspensory Ligaments
- secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
Ovarian ligament
- attach ovary to uterus
Broad Ligament
- encloses suspensory ligament
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube
-Receive the ovulated oocyte
-provide a site for fertilization
-attached medially to the uterus
-does not physically attach to the ovary
-supported by the broad ligament
Fimbriae- fingerlike projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte from the ovary
Uterus
-Located between the urinary bladder & rectum
-Hollow organ
Functions:
-receive a fertilized egg
-retain the fertilized egg
-nourishes the fertilized egg
Supports:
Broad ligament
- attached to the pelvis
Round ligament
- anchor interiorly
Uterosacral Ligament
- anchored posteriorly
Walls/Layers of Uterus:
Endometrium
- inner layer, allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
Myometrium
- middle layer of smooth muscle
Perimetrium
- outer visceral peritoneum (covering of abdominal organs)
Vagina
-extends from cervix to exterior of body
-behind bladder and in front of rectum
-serves as birth canal
-receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Hymen- membrane that partially closes the vaginal opening, allows for vaginal secretions to pass to the outisde
External Genitalia(vulva)
Mons Pubis
-a fatty over the pubic symphysis, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Labia
-skin folds around the vaginal opening
Labia majora- outer fold
Labia minora- inner fold
Vestibule
-area enclosed by labia majora
-has the opening to the urethra & greater vestibular gland or Bartholins glang (produce mucus)
Clitoris
-contains erectile tissue
-can become engorged w/ blood during sexual stimulation
-corresponds to the male penis
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Female/Male Sex Hormones
GnRH
- released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH & FSh (Same as MALES!)
FSH
- stimulates the development & maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
LH
- spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle (only 1)
^^^ -both LH & FSH released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Inhibin
- decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen
- Primary female sex hormone released by follicle (in ovary)
-stimulates growth of uterus, vaginal, necessary for ovum maturation
-Low levels causes release of FSH
-high levels release LH & GnRH
-required for breast development
Progesterone
- triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
-stimulates the development & growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
-prepares mammary glands for lactation
-helps maintain pregnancy
-maintains myometrium in a inactive state if implantation of embryo has occurred
Androgens
- responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in men
Testosterone
- regulate sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass, strength & production of red blood cells & sperm
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
- beginning of menstruation until ovulation, cells secrete estrogen, 1 follicle will become egg
Ovulation
-day 14, triggered by sudden spike increase in LH, graafian follicle release the oocyte
-site rise in progesterone
Luteal Phase
- follicle expels the oocyte, empty shell becomes corpus luteum, then secretes progesterone, extrogen & inhibin suppressing FSH
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Menstruation
- decline of estrogen & progesterone, cells become ischemic and die
Prolifeative phase
- estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, then doubles
-then uterus prepares for fertilized egg
Secretory phase
- uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
-uterine glands enlarge & secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
-LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone, leading to menstrual phase
Disorders associated with the Reproductive System
Prostate Caner
- 2nd most common cancer among men
-trouble urinating, blood in semen, ED, discomfort in pelvic area, bone pain
Menopause
- menstrual cycle ceases, between 44-55 days
-ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen & progesterone
symptoms: hot flashes, dizziness, headaches etc.
Chlamydia
- spread by having sexual intercourse with someone who has chlamydia
Gonorrhea
- cause infections n the genitals, rectum, & throat
Syphilis
- can get it by direct contact with a syphilis sore during sexual intercourse