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Economy; agriculture and industry - Coggle Diagram
Economy; agriculture and industry
Agriculture
Collectivisation
Stage 1, 1929-1930
Forced collectivisation
Propaganda campaign against kulaks - eliminate as a class - not permitted to join collectivies - represented 4% of peasant population
Kulaks deported or executed - burtal treatment scared people into collectivising
c15% peasant households destroyed
c150,000 peasants migrated north to poorer land
Killed livestock and burned crops to avoid label of kulak
March 1930 58% collectivised - officials were dizzy with success - return to voluntary - October 1930 c20% remained collectivised
Stage 2, 1930-1941
After 1931 spring crop was sown return to forced colectivisation
1931 50% - 1935 75% - 1941 100%
Reasons for collectivisation
Industrial - Five Year Plans - feed workforce
Ideologicial - move to true communism - end private ownership - remove kulaks who benefitted from NEP
Agricultural - grain procurement crisis 1927
Impact of collectivisation
Famine 1932-1934
October 1931 drought in agricultural areas
Severe drop in food production - government continued high quotas
Famine in Ukraine 1932
Famine spread to Kazakhstan and Northern Caucasus
5 million deaths
Opposition
Responded to collectivisation by destroying grain - attack on socialism
1.5 million sent to camps
c100 million animals killed
Success
Procured more grain than the NEP - exports at 5 milion tones by 1931
Harvests were regularly smaller than pre 1928
Collectives were less productive than private farms - collectives produced c75% the amount of private
Private farming continued until 1941 - produced double the amount of animal products as collectives
Opposition to collectivisation lost support - Bukharin, Rykov
Mechanisation
Machine Tractor Stations set up in 1931 - 1 MTS for every 40 collectives
Sovkhozes received better resources and experts
1938 95% threshinnmg mechanised
Limited transportation - 196,000 lorries, USA had 1 million
State farms
Kolkhozes - communual farms, quotas up to 40% of crops
Sovkhozes - state run farms, farmers paid a wage
Party debates
Bukharin did not support - believed they needed to help peasants for economic success
Needed to provide incentives for peasants to produce more
Stalin saw peasants as an obstacle for industrial growth
Industry
Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan
Aims
Success
Second Five Year Plan
Aims
Success
Third Five Year Plan
Aims
Success
Fourth Five Year Plan
Gosplan
General planning organisation
Veshenka
Council of National Economy
The Great Turn 1928
Reasons for the Great Turn
Weaknesses in industrial management
Idustrialisation was occurring too slowly
Grain procurement crisis 1927
Move towards true socialism
Stalin's change in attitude
NEP was abandoned
Regime committed to rapid industrialisation
Start of Stalinism
Economy
Post War
War economy
Condition by 1941