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Education - Topic 2, Responses to Pro and Anti-School Subcultures - Coggle…
Education - Topic 2
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Identities
How a person sees themselves and how others see and define them
- Ethnicity
- Race
- Age
- Gender
Through teacher, pupil interactions an impression of the child is made (Lazy, obedient, hardworking, stubborn)
- Teachers classify students = Label
- Depending on the stereotype the teacher makes, the student could form a 'halo effect'
Halo Effect
- Students get treated based on teacher impression (Favourably or Unfavourably)
Waterhouse
Studied 4 Primary schools and secondary schools
- Teachers label students as either 'average' or 'deviant' which forms their impression
- Label becomes dominant category = PIVOTAL IDENTITY
- PI is the core identity with pivots that teachers use to interpret classroom events
- Deviant students that behave - Teachers interpret as a 'temporary episode'
- Self-fulfilling prophecy = act in response to predictions made based on behaviour
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Becker
Discovered teachers initially evaluate pupils in relation to stereotypes of 'Ideal Pupil' (average/conforming)
Evaluation:
Some pupils can't afford new uniform to 'look nice' and therefore are disadvantaged when teachers consider the ideal pupil
Ideal Pupil
Gillborn
- The idea student is white Black Caribbean students suffer the most and are thought to be unsuccessful - often denied access to top exams, top classes and are put in lower sets without subject choice
Harvey and Slatin
- Showed 96 primary teachers different pictures - found that overall white, middle-class children were the 'ideal pupil'
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Hartley and Sutton
- Girls (Indian/Asian) are more favoured than boys - their traditional values remain in modern society - protected by fathers and brothers so they aren't very sociable and are often at home studying
Evaluations:
- Assumes teacher impression can't change
- Label could actually be true (naughty = low achiever)
- Small scale studies (not representative)
- Outdated
Hempel - Jorgensen
- The ideal pupil performs well academically and behaves well - Year long research on 12 primary schools (observation and conversation with children and semi-structured interviews with teachers - Students shared similar ideas about the 'ideal learner'
- Learner identities arise from interactions (speech, dress, cooperation) - effects teacher assessment
Evaluation:
Use of more research methods (Hawthorne is a risk)
Times have changed (affects of online learning)
Labelling
Students eventually become the image teachers see them
Rosenthal and Jacobson - Pygmalion in the Classroom
Randomly chose student to be labelled as weak and bright
The teachers then treated them differently
After research (1 year) the children who were labelled as 'bright' had better attainment
Hartley and Sutton - Gender and Self Fulfilling Prophecy
- 140 children - 3 schools
- 2 groups - 1G told 'boys preform worse than girls' G2 told nothing - G1 Boys preformed significantly worse than G2
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Banding, Streaming and Setting
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Banding
Describes how comprehensive schools are - ensures pupils across all bands of ability are taken in on the intake
Ball - Beachside comprehensive school
- High stream students = warmed up (high academic achievement
- Low stream students = cooled down (low achievement, Vocational Education)
Smyth et al.
- Low stream = more negative - disaffected with school
- Streaming is harmful (effects self-esteem) - often linked to stereotyping of the ideal pupil = leading to SPF
Research conducted by Suttons Trust = Setting is a good way of stretching poor but bright students - not enough for them to reach top sets
Setting favours MC and contributes to underachievement of WC students
Consequence of Streaming and Setting = Unequal access to Classroom Knowledge
- Keddie Found high stream classes were given more work and teachers had higher expectations, giving them greater opportunity of educational success
Educational Triage
Gillborn and Young
- Schools split pupils into 3 Groups
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3 - Hopeless children, unlikely to achieve even a C
(special needs, white/black boys)
In 2011 England had low expectations - they was then expected to increase grades from 35% to 50% if not then it was 'underperforming' and there was a risk of the school becoming an academy
Sociologist Perspectives
Functionalist
- Davis and Moore
The system helps with role allocation
- Durkhiem
Society in miniature
Marxists
- Bourdieu
Reproduces cultural capital
Subcultures
- A group of students who share some values, norms and behaviour
- Willis: He investigated 'the lads'
Anti-School
- Truancy
- Breaking school rules
- Copies work
-Deviant text
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Mac and Ghaill and Sewell
- Black Caribbean WC boys in bottom sets 'macho lads' - hostile to school through aggressive masculinity
- Rejection of school and rebellion of racist stereotyping
Jackson
- 13-14 boys and girls at 6 comprehensive schools (Interview and Questionnaires) - Girls are increasingly becoming part of subculture (ladettes) to cool to work
- Many of these girls still tried for academic success through working hard at home but still adopt ladette image
Pro-School
- Conformity
- Behaves
- 'ear' 'oles'
- White, Asian working class males with aspirations
Willis
- 'The Lads' call the conformist group 'Ear oles'
Mac and Ghaill
- Academic achievers (skilled manual workers)
Evaluation:
- Gillborn - Girls aspire more
Sewell
- Black conformists are 'the conformists' they want academic success and avoid racism
- Encourages peer support
Evaluation:
- Illich Deschooling
- Shultz Division of Labour
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