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Gonzalez, Dilean - Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Gonzalez, Dilean - Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system
Male
Make Sperm and Semen
Sperm is made in the testes through spermatogenesis, which occurs in the seminiferous tubules and starts at puberty
Semen is made in the seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
deliver the semen and the Sperm to the female reproductive organ
This happens during copulation through the penis
Make testosterone to to aid in the development of reproductive organs + other organs + sexual drive/behavior
Testosterone is also made in the testes
Transport mixture of semen and sperm
Sperm is transported from the testes through the duct system, which goes in the following order: epididymis, Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, and urethra
Semen is then added into the mix as the duct system combines with/passes through different glands
Shared
form Specialized cells for reproduction (gamete)
Sperm - male
ova - female
Combine male and female gametes through copulation
ovulation + ejaculation play a part in this
Combine genetic info in gametes through fertilization
Produce Zygote (1st cell); which rest of cells stem from
Support development of Fetus and birth of baby
Female
Make/develop oocyte through oogenesis
Start with oogonia (stem diploid cells) that divide to produce the primary oocyte (this happens only in fetus)
Primary oocytes remain this way (meiosis stuck in prophase 1) until puberty.
At puberty, Primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 to form secondary oocytes (these can get fertilized)
In secondary oocytes, meiosis in once again stopped in metaphase 2 and is only completed if it gets fertilized
Once meiosis 2 is completed, the oocyte turns into an ova
deliver egg to uterus
This is done through the female duct system
Carry fertilized egg
This is done by a thickened and prepped endometrium thanks to the menstrual cycle
Give birth
Helped by contractions of the myometrium, the middle layer of the uterus
Breast feed
Possible because of the mammary glands
make/develop follicle
Start with primordial follicles (first to develop in fetus) which are a single layer of pre - granulosa cells surrounding the primary oocyte (which is encapsulated in zona pelucida)
Then, turns into secondary follicle, which is just multiple granulosa cell layers surrounding the Primary oocyte
Finally turns into vesicular/antral/tertiary follicle, which has a fluid filled cavity (antrum) isolating the now secondary oocyte and its surrounding granulosa cells (called corona gradiata)
After, it ruptures and the oocyte is ovulated
Turns into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone (to prep. uterus for implantation) an a little bit of estrogen
Finally scars into corpus albicans
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
primary sex organ
testes: Make sperm; inside of scrotum
Surrounded by inner tunica albuginea and outer tunica vaginalis
contain 1-4 seminiferous tubules (sperm production site) in lobules
Contains interstitial cells inside seminiferous tubules that make testosterone
Accessory reproductive organs
Penis: Male copulatory organ
External genital; made of root and shaft that ends in glans penis
Made of erectile tissue
duct system: Carries sperm from testes to body exterior
epididymis: sperm maturation site; where sperm go after being in testes
Ductus deferens: receives sperm during contraction of epididymis; forms part of the ejaculatory duct; can be cut (vasectomy) as birth control
Ejaculatory duct: the combining of the vas deferens with the seminal gland; joins into urethra
Urethra: recieves liquid from ejaculatory duct; passes through prostate and receives mucus from Cowper's gland; delivers Sperm + seamen to female reproductive tract
Scrotum: Vital for production of sperm
Eternal genital; Sac of skin that hangs outside of abdominal pelvic cavity
3° C lower than body temp + affected by temp.
Accessory glands
Seminal glands
make viscous alkaline seminal fluid that help neutralize acid in female reproductive tracts
Prostate gland
makes slightly acidic fluid that helps to activate sperm
Bulbo - urethral gland
makes thick clear mucus that helps lubricate glans penis and clear traces of urine in the urethra
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Primary sex organ
Ovaries: female gonad; Make oocytes
Secured to the uterus by the ovarian ligament and to the pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament
Contain the ovarian follicles, which house the immature eggs
other internal genetalia
Female duct system
Uterine tubes
AKA fallopian tubes; receive the ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization (at middle/ampulla region)
have 3 parts the infundibulum (which has fimbriae that help catch the ovulated oocyte), the ampulla (middle) and the isthmus (opening into uterus)
Uterus
receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum
structure (top to bottom): fundus, body, isthmus, cervix, cervical canal
has a 3 layer wall (from inside to outside): endometrium (which is where the ovum burrows) myometrium (which contracts during birth) and perimetrium
Vagina
Birth canal, passageway for mestrual flow, and organ of copulation
has acidic secretions
external genetalia
vulva
mons pubis, labia mayora, labia minora, vestibule (everything inside labia minora) and clitoris (anterior to vestibule)
perineum
space between vagina and anus
mammary glands
modified sweat glands in females whose function is milk production
alveoli inside of lobules inside of lobes make milk.
Milk comes out of the nipple
Hormones of the reproductive system
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian cycle
Follicular Phase (1-14)
Fsh levels rise, vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH, which makes them grow (the dominant follicle is specially sensitive)
Halfway through the FSH levels drop, the dominant follicle outcompetes other and moves on (the primary oocyte turns into secondary oocyte too)
Ovulation
The follicle them pushes up against the ovary wall, ruptures and releases the oocyte and its corona gradiata into the peritoneal cavity
Luteal Phase (15-28)
the ruptured follicle collapses, and turns into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and some estrogen
If there is a pregnancy it continues to secrete hormones ot support baby for 3 months (placenta takes over after)
If there isn't a pregnancy it scars into corpus albicans
Uterine Cycle
menstrual phase (1-5)
Low levels of hormones cause endometrium lining (stratum functionalis) to be shed; lasts 3-5 days and by the end the growing follicles are starting to make more estrogen
Proliferative phase (6-14)
High estrogen levels prompt the regeneration of the stratum functionalis.
the cervical mucus is thinned out and ovulation happens on day 14
secretory phase (15 - 28)
endometrium prepares for the implantation of the egg
of no implantation happens, the functional layer begins to break down and it starts to get ready to slough off when the uterine cycle restarts on day 1 of menstration
Disorders associated with the reproductive system