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Reproductive System, Natalie Perez, P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System, Natalie Perez, P.5
Major Functions of Reproductive System (males and females)
Not active until puberty
Male and female organs different but same 4 functions
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction (gametes)
Sperm (M)
Ova (eggs) (F)
Bring F & M gametes together through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic info. within gametes through fertilization. Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse.
Support development of fetus and birth of baby
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Primary Sex Organs
Testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within scrotum
Tunica Vaginalis: Outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica Albuginea: Inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Accessory Reproductive Organs: ducts, glands, & external genitalia
Scrotum: sac of skin & superficial fascia
hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
contains paired testes
Sperm delivered to body through system of ducts
Epididymis: made up of head, body, and tail; where sperm mature
Ductus Deferns: passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
Ejaculatory Duct: Smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epidermis to urethra
Urethra: during ejaculation , epididymis contracts, expelling sperm out through the urethra
Penis: male copulatory organ
consist of root and shaft that ends in glans penis
Spermatogenesis: process of forming male gametes in seminiferous tubules
Sperm
Head: genetic region; enable sperm to penetrate egg
Midpiece: metabolic region containing mitochondria that produce ATP to move tail
Tail: locomotor region includes flagellum
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Internal Genitalia: in pelvic cavity; ovaries & duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina)
Ovaries: paired structures flank uterus, almond shape (2x bigger)
Ovarian Follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex. Contain immature egg (oocyte)
Uterine Tubes: AKA Fallopian tubes, receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
Uterus: hollow thick-walled muscular organ. Receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum
Body: major portion
Fondus: rounded superior region
Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
Cervix: narrow neck; projects towards vagina
Cervical Canal: communicates with vagina and uterine body
Uterine wall
Perimetrium: outermost serous layer
Myometrium: bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium: mucosal lining
Vagina: Thin-walled tube. Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, & organ of copulation
External Genitalia: external sex organs
Mons Pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia Majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia Minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Disorders Associated with Reproductive System
Chlamydia: most common bacterial STI in U.S. Urethritis; penile & vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Trichomoniasis: parasitic infection that is more common in women than in men. Easily and inexpensively treated
Gonorrhea: Bacterial Infection of mucosal of reproductive & urinary tracts
Syphilis: bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally. Bacteria invades mucosal or even broken skin. Infection = asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks and then is painless
Human Papillomvirus (HPV): cause of genital warts
Genital Herpes: One of the most difficult human pathogens to control because most don't know they are infected
Breast Cancer: Invasive breast cancer = most common malignancy & 2nd most common cause of cancer death in US women
Hormones of the Reproductive System (male and female)
Females Hormones
Estrogen: Promote oogenesis & follicle growth in ovary. Exert anabolic effect on F reproductive tract. Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty. Induce secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone: works with estrogen to est. and regulate uterine cycle. Promotes changes in cervical mucus. Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy.
GnRH: stimulates FSH & LH secretion.
FSH: stimulates cells to release estrogen & LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which converts to estrogens
LH: surge triggers ovulation & formation of corpus luteum
FSH * LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, & secrete sex hormones
Male Hormones
Testosterone: vital in development & function of reproductive organs & other organs/ tissues, sexual behavior, sexual drives
Inhibin: released from gonads in both M&F. Exerts neg. feedback in PSH release from anterior pituitary
Events of Female Hormonal Cycles
Stages of Follicle Development
Phase 1: gonadotropin-independent prenatal phase involves intrafollicular paracrines.
Phase 2: antra phase stimulated by FSH & LH
A primordial follicle becomes primary
Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
Secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle
The Ovarian Cycle: monthly series of events associated w/ maturation of egg
Follicular Phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
Ovulation: in between follicular and luteal phase
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocytewith its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
If no fertilization occurs: oocyte is actually activated 12 months prior to ovulation but mature 14 days before ovulation. Corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels start to fall. Causes sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle: Cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Days 1-5: Menstrucal Phase where menstrual flow of blood & tissue lasts 3-5 days. Ovarian hormones at lowest levels
Days 6-14: Proliferative (preovulatory phase) Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalism layer. Ovulation occurs at end of this phase on day 14
Days 15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant