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African American Organisations - Coggle Diagram
African American Organisations
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
Originated from concerns about race riots and lynchings during the Jim Crow ear in the early 20th Century
Included key individuals such as W.E.B Du Bois and Ida Wells, also had white social reformers
Originally an organisation for African Americans rather than one by them
Pursued its aims of challenging Jim Crow laws through legal means
6000 members by 1915
Achievements
SC ruling in 1944 that it was illegal to deny AAs the right to vote in primary elections
Legal campaigns contributed to the Brown v Topeka decision in 1954
Key role in Montgomery Bus Boycott
Contributed to the march on Washington
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
Founded in 1942 it united white liberal opinions
Began the
Freedom Rides
in 1947, eight white activists challeneged segregation on buses in the South
Freedom Rides were again initiated in 1961, gaining more media publicity as they were met with fierce opposition
African American Freedom Riders were attacked in Birmingham, Alabama amd Jackson, Mississippi
President Kennedy used his federal authority to desegregate interstate transport
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Founded in 1957 it took direct non-violent action
Martin Luther King Jr was one of the founders and eventual leader of the organisation
Campaigns aimed to attract white liberal support
Won support from organised religion in the South
Main form of protest was done through mass demontrations
Referred to the US constitution and the rights it protected, or should protect to defend itself
Achievements
Birmingham, Alabama 1963, Peaceful protests organised by King were met with brutality by police chief Bull Connor. The images and footage of this circulated in the media and drove the movement forward
March on Washington, August 1963. Built on the success at Birmingham, King's most famous speech was delivered in Washington. It showed thousands of white and black Americans coming together in the goal to achieve AA civil rights
Selma 1965- Events there (jointly led by SCLC), which were caused by the muder of African American Jimmie Lee Jackson, directly contributed to passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act
UNIA
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Different aims - focused on separatism and black nationalism
Membership may have reached over 1 million at one point
Used economic power to try and build on modern capitalism and generate businesses that would help improve lives of AAs
It celebrated African values and strengths rather than showing AAs to be victims
Gained international support
Charismatic leader helped generate support, importance of a charismatic leader not seen again until MLK
It's goal, like Garvey's were difficult to define and achieve
NOI
Nation of Islam
Founded in Detroit by Wallace Fard Muhammad and led by Elijah Muhammad until 1975
Expanded considerably in the 1950s largely due to the increasingly popular Malcolm X
Based on the ideas of radicalism and separatism
Achievements
Increased belief amongst AAs that they were the chosen people of Allah
Religious strength similar to that of the southern baptism behind the SCLC
Very strong and intense atmosphere within the NOI, as was its seperation from white America
Issues such as voter registration and equal political rights were not as important for the NOI compared to other organisations
Achievements of the CRA and non-violent protests were irrelevant to members of the NOI
Their focus was on the superiority of the black race
Black Panthers
Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966
Aimed to achieve economic equality, end capitalist exploitation, gain compensation in the firm of land and housing, and begin to seperate black American lives from white Americans
Advocated violent means of self-defence, particularly from police intimidation
This developed into a battle between a white American state and a seperate black culture
A throwback to Booker T Washington's emphaisis on being self-reliant, but in a very different, and more violent way
Heavily influenced by the NOI
Gave rise to the idea that white values could be challeneged rather than simply accepted
Disillusioned many white supporters of the civil rights movement
The movement had become split between non-violent protests and progress in achieving political rights, and more violent methods and groups who aimed to address economic inequalities across the country
It was this economic inequality that fuelled the Black Power Movement and the Black Panthers