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ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES (ER 2.1), This cow received, "There are limited…

- - - - Most common cause of melena in cows = abomasal ulceration
        
        DDx = intussusception or Salmonella enteritis
        (but Salmonella would also have casts and ~ fresh blood)
  - - - 1) Without CS
        2) Bleeding ulcers
        3) Perforated with local peritonitis
        4) Perforated with bursitis omentalis
        5) Perforated with generalised peritonitis
      - Bleeding ulcers
        
        Pale mm, tachycardia, low PCV
      - Calves standing with head in the water trough - dipping head and mouth in and out
        
        behaviour associated with ulcers in cattle
      - Ulcers with peritonitis
        
        acute abdominal pain
        
        perforating ulcers usually die quick
        
        distended abdomen, poor feed intake, raise prefemoral LN, fluid on ballottment
    - - Change in diet
      - High concentrate diet
      - Highly fermentable CHO (lush grass)
      - Stress (change in weather/handling/TB testing)
      - Suckler calves / Beef cows
        
        Excessive consumptions (slug feeding/sucking milky sucklers)
        
        Cu deficiency / Thiomolybdate toxicity
      - NSAIDs and Steroids (iatrogenic)
    - - Cows
        
        Dietary change/Management
        
        Oral kaolin
        
        Vitamins K & B12
        
        Send to factory asap (difficult to get away with these days - fail AM)
      - Calves
        
        Antacids
        
        Cimetidine/ranitidine
        
        Omeprazole
        
        Almost monogastric stomach so diff Tx available
      - Off-label Tx from equine
        
        Formalin drip
        
        Used to Tx H+ in postpatent mare
        
        50mls of 10% formalin in 1L saline (equine)
        
        15mls of 10% in 1L (cows)
        
        80% of cases get normal dung in 24 hrs
        
        Issue - milk withdrawal 7d, meat 6/7months
        
        historically used topically to treat ethmoid hematomas
      - Closing the oesophageal groove
        
        Need ulcer Tx to bypass the rumen
        
        Can be closed with hypertonic solutions
        
        UCD = Hypertonic sodium bicarb
        
        also helps to reduce abomasal pH
        
        1L 25% bicarb - dosing syringe ORALLY
        
        agars pump defeats the purpose - need it to run down and irritate the oesophagus
        
        Follow quickly with Antacids
        (FN to alkalinize abomasal pH)
        
        Magnesium Hydroxide (10%)
        (milk of magnesia)
        
        Could add in Omeprazole
        
        Repeat twice daily for 5 occasons (2.5 days) - good success rates in 48-72hrs
        
        Can also use hypertonic chloride soln (1L 25%)
- - - - GI tract
      - Renal
      - Platelet FN
      - Macrophage differentiation
- - - - 2 inj. of LA dex 4 days apart
      - If cow has sprung well (vulval oedema/bagging up) finish induction with combination of short-acting dex and PGF2-aplha
  - - - Main Tx of ketosis = propylene glycol
    - - Immunosuppressive if overused (>3d)
        
        avoid in immunocomp. animals
      - Abomasal ulceration
        
        DO NOT use with NSAIDs or D-
      - Can turn BHV latent => IBR
- - - - Immunosuppressive
      - Effective in Tx of Fog fever and Hyperthermia
    - - :red_cross: immunosuppression
      - Better for young animals
  - - - Don't use NSAIDs with 0 milk withdrawal ( :red_cross: BMB)
      - Use Meloxicam/Flunixin