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Physics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Energy in the Form of Heat
      - Heat
        
        Total Energy Possessed by a Substance
        
        Temperature
        
        Measure of Average Energy of the Molecular Motion in a Substance
        
        Gain or Loss
        
        When Heat is Supplied to a Body, it's Internal Energy and it's Temperature Increases; When Heat is Removed from a Body, it's Internal Energy and Temperature Decreases
        
        Factors
        
        Mass
        
        The Heat Gained or Lost is Directly Proportional to this
        
        Nature
        
        Different Substances Gain and Lose Different Amounts of Heat
        
        Change
        
        The Heat Gained or Lost is Directly Proportional to this
        
        Specific Heat Capacity
        
        the Amount of Heat Energy Required to the Temperature of 1kg of Substances by 1 °C, Equivalent to the Heat Absorbed Divided by the Product of the Mass of the Object and the Change in Temperature, Its SI Unit is Joule/ kg °C
        
        Units
        
        Joule (J)
        
        SI Unit of Heat
        
        Calorie
        
        Amount of Heat Required to Raise the Temperature of 1g of Water by 1 °C (4.2 Joules)
    - - Energy Possessed by a Magnet
    - - Perceived Energy of Light that Makes Things Visible to Us
    - - Energy Produced by Vibrating Bodies
    - - Energy in the Nucleus of an Atom
    - - Energy Stored in Molecular Bonds
    - - Energy Possessed by a Body Due to its Position or Motion
      - Kinetic Energy
        
        Energy Possessed by a Body because of its Motion
      - Potential Energy
        
        Energy Possessed by a Body because of its Position
    - - Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
    - - Energy Stored in a Body When its Shape or Volume is Deformed by Work
    - - Energy Gained By a Body when Raised to Some Height
    - - Energy Made Available by the Flow of Electric Charge through a Conductor
  - - - Comes from the Sun, Free and Readily Available, Renewable, Harnessing is Eco-Friendly, Not Concentrated, Not Constant, Used to Directly Heat Things or is Converted into Electricity via Solar Cells
    - - by Building High Rise Dames which Collects Falling Water, Moving due to Potential Energy, Harvesting the Kinetic Energy by Making them Spin Blades of Turbines Connected to Electric Generators Situated at the Bottom of a Dam to Produce Electricity, Hydroelectric Energy Do not Produce Waste Products of Pollutants, Free and Inexhaustible, Reliable, Obstructs Flow of Water, Requires a Lot of Land and is Expensive, Affect the Quality of Downstream Water
    - - Derived from Burning Biomass or Plant Material and Animal Wastes or Biogas, Made in a Biogas Plant by Mixing Biomass and Water in a Tank with no Air Supply to Decompose, Materials Needed are Easily Available, Clean, Efficient and Disposes of Waste Materials, Isn't Good for the Environment
    - - Obtained from the Rising and Falling of Water during Tides by Having Water Pass through Turbines, Connected to Generators which Produce Electricity while Filling Reservoirs with Water during High Tide and then Letting them Out again through the Turbines during Low Tide, Eco-Friendly and Clean, Predictable, Tidal Dams Reduce Damage to Land by High Tides, Expensive, Only Set Up in Coastal Area, Inefficient, Influence Aquatic Life
    - - Converted into Electric Energy Using a Windmill Connected to a Electric Generator, Eco-Friendly and Efficient, Limited Locations, Requires a Lot of Land and is Expensive
    - - Heat Energy Coming from the Earth's Core to Earth's Surface in the Form of Volcanoes, Geysers and Hot Water Springs, Geothermal Power Plants Use Steam Produced by the Heat to Spin a Turbine which is Connected to an Electric Generator, Clean, and Eco-Friendly, Limited Locations, Expensive
    - - Energy Stored in the Nucleus of an Atom, Released through Nuclear Fission or Fusion, Emission of Harmful Radiation has Severe Effects on all Living Forms,
      - Nuclear Fission
        
        the Nucleus of a Heavy, Unstable Atom like Uranium is Bombarded with Neutrons, Causing it to Split, Mass of Original Nucleus is Larger than the Combined Mass of the Products as the Mass is Converted into Heat Energy Following the Mass-Energy Relation Formula (E = mc²)
        
        Nuclear Power Plant
        
        Nuclear Reactor
        
        a Device or Furnace where Controlled Fission Chain Reactions Occur and the Released Energy is Used to Generate Electricity
        
        Fission Process
        
        One out of Three Emitted Slow Neutron Hits the Nucleus of an Atom of Uranium-235
        
        Components
        
        Containment Chamber
        
        Protective Shielding that Encloses the Reactor Core, Contains Nuclear Fuel Rods, Control Rods, Coolant and the Moderator
        
        Nuclear Fuel Rods
        
        Filled with Numerous Amounts of Pellets Each Filled with Enriched Uranium Fuel, a is Placed Next to Suitable Neutron Source to Trigger the Reaction
        
        Control Rods
        
        Boron and Cadmium Rods are Used to Capture Neutrons
        
        Coolant
        
        Utilized to Absorb Heat from the Reactor Core, Water is Commonly Used
        
        Moderator
        
        Used to Decrease the High Speed of Neutrons, Water is Commonly Used
        
        Protective Shielding
        
        a Concrete Shield Enclosing the Reactor Core to Prevent the Leakage of Radiation
        
        Process (Uneeded)
        
        1) Generation of Heat Energy
        
        a U 235 Atom is Hit By One of Three Neutrons (the Rest are Absorbed by the Control Rods)
        and Splits into Barium, Krypton and Neutrons, Releasing a Great amount of Energy, Causing the Reactor to Reach Criticality and the Coolant is Heated by the Heat Energy with the Hot Water Rising up and through a Series of Pipes which Enters the Heat Exchange
        
        2) Generation of Steam
        
        the Heat Energy of the Coolant is Transferred to Non-Radioactive Water in the Heat Exchanger by the Pipes, Converting it to Steam, and the Coolant and Moderator Water is Pumped Back to the Core Due to Being Radioactive
        
        3) Generation of Electricity
        
        the High Pressure Steam Emerges from the Pipes and Turns the Turbine Rapidly Turning a Shaft and an Armature which inside a Generator, and with the Help of a Giant Magnet Magnetic Fields are Changed Inducing a Current and it Flows to the Point of Usage through Transmission Wires
        
        4) Cooling Process
        
        Condensers are Used to Cool the Water with Low Pressure, Steam Towers are Used to Cool Water with Air or is Purified and Pumped into Water Bodies, Cool Water is Pumped Back into the Core
        
        Controls Nuclear Fission and Uses the Heat Energy Generated to Convert Water into Steam which Turns Turbines to Generate Electricity
  - - - Petroleum
        
        Obtaining
        
        Holes or Oil Wells are Drilled into Petroleum Bearing Rocks with Natural Gas then Crude Oils Coming Out with Great Pressure
        
        Refining
        
        Fractional Distillation, the Separation of a Mixture and into its Component Fractions by Heating to Evaporate the Specific Compounds of Petroleum, is Used
      - Coal
      - Air Pollution
        
        the Introduction of Harmful Elements into the Atmosphere that Degrade the Quality for Air, Caused by the Burning of Fossil Fuels which Produce Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen
- - - - Heat Energy Supplied at One Part of a Solid, Causing the Molecules to Have More Kinetic Energy and Move Faster, Vibrating and Colliding with Lower Energy Molecules to Transfer the Kinetic/ Heat Energy
    - - Heat Energy is Supplied at the Bottom of a Fluid, Causing the Molecules to Rise Up, Due to the Decrease in Density and the Cycle Continues until the Entire Fluid is the Same Temperature/ Has the Same Energy, Conduction Occurs During this
  - - - Volume of the Body
        
        Directly Proportional to the Pressure
      - Density of the Liquid
        
        Directly Proportional to the Pressure
    - - the Buoyant Force is Equal to the Weight of the Liquid Displaced by the Body
      - Law of Flotation
        
        a Body Floats in a Liquid if it's Weight is Equal to the Weight of the Liquid it Displaces
  - - - All Matter is Made up of Atoms or Molecules, Collisions of Molecules with Each Other or the Walls of their Container Transfer Energy and Give Rise to Pressure, Molecules Exert an Attractive Forces on Each Other, the Strength of the Intermolecular Forces of Attraction is Inversely to the Intermolecular Distance, Molecules are in Constant, Random Motion, Molecules Possess Kinetic Energy from Constant, Random Motion
    - - Phenomenon of Particles Suspended in Fluid Moves in Erratic Random Patterns, Proves the Existence of Atoms and Molecules are in Constant and Random Motion in Fluids
    - - Energy of an Object Caused by its Motion, Direct Measure of Temperature
    - - Force of Adhesion
        
        Force of Attraction Between Different Molecules
      - Force of Cohesion
        
        Force of Attraction Between Similar Molecules
      - Attractive Force between Molecules of a Substance, Inversely Proportional to the Intermolecular Distance between Molecules of a Substance
    - - Space between Molecules of a Substance, Inversely Proportional to the Intermolecular Attraction between Molecules of a Substance
  - - - Concave Meniscus
        
        Inward Depression, the Adhesive Force of a Liquid is Stronger than its Cohesive Force
      - Convex Meniscus
        
        Outward Bulge, the Cohesive Force of a Liquid is Stronger than its Adhesive Force
      - Curve Formed at the Surface of a Liquid in a Container at the Point of Contact
  - - - Factors
        
        Magnitude of Force Applied
        
        Directly Proportional to the Pressure
        
        Area of Contact
        
        Inversely Proportional to the Pressure
      - Force Acting on a Unit Area of a Surface
    - - Factors
        
        Height of the Liquid Column Above the Point of Reference
        
        Directly Proportional to the Pressure
        
        Density of the Liquid
        
        Directly Proportional to the Pressure
      - Force Acting on the Smooth Base of a Liquid's Container by a Liquid, Can be Transferred from Area to Area in an Enclosed Container, Same in all Directions
    - - Force Exerted by a Gas on the Walls of its Containing Vessel, Same in all Directions
      - Boyle's Law
        
        the Volume of Gas is Inversely Proportional to the Pressure it Exerts when Mass and Temperature of the Gas are Kept Constant
      - Atmospheric Pressure
        
        Pressure Exerted by the Atmosphere on the Surface of the Earth, Same in all Directions, Decreases with Higher Altitudes, Measured Using a Barometer