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Transition from School to Work in Comparative Perspective- ALAN C.…
Transition from School to Work in Comparative Perspective- ALAN C. KERCKHOFF
Dimensions of societal variation
Educational Stratification
The probability of continuing in postsecundary schooling differs according to the student's type of secondary school
Stratification references to both, the varied prestige of kinds of educational programs and the varied chances of reaching high levels of educational attainment.
Educational Standardization
European
educational system = subject to control by the national government
American
educational system = highly descentralized
It refers to the degree to which the quality of education meets the same standards nationwide
General and Vocational Educational Credentials
American
: the most general credentials are awarded by American system
European
: award secondary school credentials that have important occupational relevance.
The credentials en
Germany
are the most directly occupationally relevant
Combinations of characteristics of educational sysrtems
Germany
High stratified system
Its educational system is the strong linkage between offerings and the occupational division of labour
The most fully vocationally oriented
The United states
Credentials don't have vocational relevance
The descentralization of control of schools at all levels at all levels reduces the possibility of standardization.
There is not coordination with the contents of each course.
Great Britain
Stratified system
Distinction between grammar and secondary schools
Separation of students
France
Less stratified than German system, but more that the American system
The most standardized educational system
Secondary schools reflect vocational and general academic definitions of educational attainment
Do the differences matter?
1.
Association between Educational Attainment and level of First Job
Highly standardized educational systems produce uniform products
Importance of the degree of vocational specificity from school to work (eg Germany: high specificity)
Combination of high stratification and high standardization leads to an stronger association between educational credentials and occupational levels
2.
Changes in Educational Attainment after the First Job
The transition from school to work involves a single move from full-time schooling to full-time participation in the labor force
Two types of deviation
Students make more than one full transition
Return to full-time schooling
3.
Job Changes and Early Career Mobility
Problem of general credentials: employees unsuitable for the position that the employer needs to fill
New entrants move from job to job several times. (More common in France and UUEE than in Germany)
Overview of the effects of differences in educational systems
Type One
societies
Highly stratified units that are consistently found throughout the society
The educational system has the "capacity to structure" the flow of students into the labor force
Type Two
societies
Weak occupational relevance
Organized into very general, unstratified units
The most stratified and standardized system (Germany) also presents the higher vocational credentials
Poor stratification and stardadization is related with the weakest association between educational attainment and accupational level
INTRODUCTION
Social stratification
= a condition and a process, it is defined in terms of a hierarchy of classes or of occupational positions within the labor force
Process= operation of the mechanisms through which each generation becomes distributed into those stratified occupational lever
Educational institutions'role: distributing new generations into the labor force
Ana Benavent, Carolina Braband, Paula Domínguez, Sara Gómez