Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards. These rewards can be tangible, such as money or grades, or intangible, such as praise or fame.

Intrinsic motivation is the act of doing something without any obvious external rewards. You do it because it's enjoyable and interesting

intrinsic orientations are thought to be mor powerful, especially for long-term retention

Physiological Needs

Flow theory claims that as a result of the intrinsically rewarding experience associated with flow, people push themselves to higher levels of performance

Flow research has found that such optimal per­formance is a result of such factors as a perceived balance of skills and challenge, ability to focus intently on clear task goals, and positive feedback that one is suc­ceeding at a task.

One of the principal weaknesses of extrinsically driven behavior is its addictive nature

THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF AFFECT

The amygdala is a major player in the relationship of affect to language learning. The amygdala is instru­mental in our ability to make an appraisal of a stimulus.

In other words,if you see or hear or taste something, the amygdala helps you decide whether or not your percep­tion is novel, pleasant, relevant to your needs or goals.

Sustained Deep Learning (SDL), the kind of learning that requires an extended period of time to achieve.

SDL, not unlike intrinsic motivation, is rooted in the biological concept of value.

PERSONAlITY TYPES AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Among dozens of tests and questionnaires designed to tell you more about yourself is the widely popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers, 1962), commonly referred to as the "Myers-Briggs test."

Borrowing from some of Carl lung's (1923) "types," the Myers­Briggs team tested four dichotomous styles of functioning in the Myers-Briggs test: (1) introversion vs. extroversion, (2) sensing vs. intuition, (3) thinking vs . feeling, and (4) judging vs . perceiving.

With four two-dimensional categories, 16 personality profLIes, or combinations, are possible.

Major Assets Associated with Each Preference
Extroversion - Willing to take conversational risks
Introversion - Concentration, self-sufficiency
Sensing - Hard, systematic work; attention to detail, close observation
Intuition - Inferencing and guessing from context, structuring own training, conceptualizing, and model building
Thinking - Analysis, self-discipline; instrumental motivation
Feeling - Integrative motivation, bonding with teachers, good relations lead to good self-esteem
Judging - Systematic work, get the job (whatever it is) done
Perceiving - Open, flexible, adaptable to change and new experiences

Major liabilities Associated with Each Preference Extroversion - Dependent on outside stimulation and interaction
Introversion - Need to process ideas before speaking sometimes led to avoidance of linguistic risks in conversation
Sensing - Hindered by lack of clear sequence, goals, syllabus, structure in language or course Intuition - Inaccuracy and missing important details, sought excessive complexity of discourse
Thinking - Performance anxiety because self-esteem was attached to achievement, excessive need for control (language, process)
Feeling - Discouraged if not appreciated, disrupted by lack of interpersonal harmony
Judging - Rigidity, intolerance of ambiguous stimuli
Perceiving - Laziness, inconsistent pacing over the long haul