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Male and Female Reproductive Systems: Marco Sesar Per. 5 - Coggle Diagram
Male and Female Reproductive Systems: Marco Sesar Per. 5
Female Reproductive System
Functions
In production of female gamete (ovum or egg)
Preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnancy
OOGENESIS
Process of producing ova/ovum (egg cells)
Total supply of eggs are present at birth
Ovulation (ability to release eggs)
Begins at puberty
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles
Matured oocyte are called Graafian follicle just before released secondary follicle
Female Accessory Organs
Functions
Prepare of implantation (ovum adheres to the endometrium, inner lining wall of uterus) and prepares for developing offspring during pregnancy
Delivery of fetus during child birth
Nurtures the baby after birth
Male Reproductive System
Functions
Secrete Semen
The penis acts as a conduit for urine and sperm to leave the body.
Produce and secrete male hormones.
Maintain and transport sperm
Produce Sperm and deliver to the Egg.
Produce and disseminate a large quantity of male gamete.
Reproduction
Anatomy (Male)
Testes
Primary sex organ
Is the site where sperm is produced
Coverings
Tunica albuginea
Capsule surrounding testes
Septa
Extension of the capsule that extend into the testes and divides into lobules
Epididymis
Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube
Location: Superior part of testis
Location: Also posterior lateral side
Function
Mature and store sperm cells (20 days)
Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the vas deferens
Seminiferous Tubules
Tightly coiled structure
Sperm-producing factory
Sertoli cells
Provide nutrients and supportive functions
Empty sperm into reste testis
Sperm travels through the rete testis into the epididymis
Leydig cells
Surround seminiferous tubules
Produce androgens such as testosterone
Vas Deferns
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Passes throught the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
Moves sperm by peristalsis (forward movement)
Spermatic Cord
Madd up of ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves
Surrounded by a CT sheath
Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra
Uretrha
Extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis (7-8 inches long)
Carries both sperm and urine; not at the sane time
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicle
Produces a thick, akaline, yellowish secretion
Location: the base of the urinary bladder
Contains fructose, vitamin C and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
Prostate Gland
Secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
Allows for locomotion
Encircles the upper part of urethra
Make up 25% of semen
Bulbourethral Gland
Base of penis below prostate
Secrete an akaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation
Lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
Pre-ejaculate cleanses neutralizes the tracnes of acidic urine
5% of semen
Scrotum
Divides sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds testes
Maintains testes at 3 degrees C lower than normal body temp. to prtoect sperm viability
Regulation temp. of testes for sperm viability
Penis
Tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
Delivers urine to exterior and semen into female reproductive tract
Anatomy
Root
Attached to body wall
Shaft (body)
Free, movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
Glans Penis
(Enlarged tip) contains urethral opening
Prepuce (foreskin)
Folds cuff of skin around proximal end
Internal Structure
Corporal Cavernosa- erectile tissue surrounding the BV which contain most of the blood during erections of blood
Corpora Spongiosum
Surrounds the urethra
Sperm
Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm cells
Begins at Puberty
Move to epididymis for maturation and storage
Anatomy
Head
Contains nucleus with DNA inside
Acrosome
Anterior portion of head, contains enzymes needed to penetrate the female egg
Midpiece
Contains mitochondria that provide energy (ATP) for journey through the female reproductive system
Flagella
Only human cell with a tail
Propels spermatocyte(sperm cells)
Semen
Milky, white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands
Provide transport medium for sperm
Inhibits bacterial multiplication
Anatomy (Female)
Ovaries
Female gonad
Paired, almond shaped organ on either side of uterus
Primary female sex organ
Fibrous capsule is called tunica albuginea
Outer cortex houses developing female gamete, the oocyte, within follicles
Support
Suspensory ligaments
Secures ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
Ovarian ligaments
Attach ovary to Uterus
Broad Ligaments
Encloses suspensory ligament
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube
Receive the ovulated oocyte
Provide a site for fertilization
Attached to medially to uterus
Does not physically attach to ovary
Supported by the broad ligament
Function
Fimbriae
Finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte from ovary
Cilia
Inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (3-4 days)
Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube
Uterus
Location: Between urinary bladder and rectum
Hollow Organ
Function
Receive, Retain, and Nourishes a fertilized egg
Support
Broad ligament
Attach to pelvis
Round Ligament
Anchor interiorly
Uterasocral Ligament
Anchored posteriorly
Region
Body
Main portion
Fundus
area where uterine tube enters
Cervix
Narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
Walls/Layers
Endometrium
Inner layer
Allows for implantation of fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
Middle layer of Smooth Muscle
Permetrium outer visceral peritoneum
Covering of abdominal organs
Vagina
Extends from cervix to exterior of body
Behind bladder and in front of rectum
Serves as birth canal
Hymen
Membrane that partially closes the vaginal opening.
Opening allows for vaginal secretion to pass to the outside
External Genitalia (vulva)
Mons pubis
Fatty pad over the pubic symphysis, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Labia
skin fold around vaginal opening
Labia major
outer fold
Labia minora
inner fold
Vestibule
Area enclapsed by labia majora
Contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland (produce mucus)
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
Can be engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
Mammary Glands
Modified sweat glands (both sexes)
Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogen) to increase in size (for females)
Estrogen causes development of glands and fat
To produce milk (lactation)
During pregnancy, gland enlarge
Colostrum
first milk produced. Orange/yellow color
Mature milk produced about 4 days later
At puberty, the breasts of females develop due to fat and milk ducts growing to form mammary glands (hormonal). Feed baby after birth
Hormones (Male)
Testosterone
Controls male physical functions
Development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate
Promotes secondary characteristics
Hormones (Female)
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormone released by follicle (in ovary)
Stimulates growth of uterus, vaginal, necessary for ovum maturation
Low levels= release of FSH and High levels=release LH and GnRH
Thickening of uterine wall
Onset of menstrual cycle
Skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening (males as well)
Progesterone
Triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
Prepares mammary glands for lactation and maintains pregnancy
Maintains myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of an embryo has occurred.
Estrogen, inhibin, and progesterone all released by corpus luteum (shell left after release of the mature oocyte from the mature follicle)
Gonadotropin
Releasing hormone (GnRuh)
Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH (same as males)
During Puberty
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
Both LH and FSH-released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Inhibin
Decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Female Hormonal Cycles
Uterine (Menstruation) Cycle
Occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
Menstruation (Day 1-5)
Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are slouged off or shred (through bleeding) =last for 3-5 days
Proliferative Phase (Day 6-14)
Estrogen stimulates growth of BV of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness
Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
Secretory Phase (Day 15-28)
In response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
If pregnancy doesn't occur towards the end of phase, LH levels drop, due to high levels of progesterone
Progesterone levels decrease following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase (bleeding) for the next month
Menstrual Phase and Proliferative Phase
Coincides with Follicular Phase of the ovarian cycle while secretory phase coincides with the Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
Menopause
Menstrual cycle ceases, usually between 45-55
Ovaries no longer responsive to hormones released by anterior pituitary
Ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen and progesterone
At beginning, uterine cycle can be irregular-pregnancy possible
Women usually not considered to have completed menopause until menstruation has been absent for a year
Symptoms
Hot flashes
Dizziness
Headaches
Insomnia
Sleepiness
Depression
Ovarian Cycle
Occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocye
Follicular Phase (Day 1-14)
Extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
Only one follicle become Graafian follicle (will become egg that is released)
Ovulation (Day 14)
Triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
Graafian follicle release the oocyte
Slight rise in Progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temp. to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees F
Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)
When follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes corpus leutum
Corpus Leutum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
In the absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
This causing the decrease in progesterone anda estrogen
Sets the stage to start follicular stage again
If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Disorders
Prostate Cancer
Symptoms- may have none at early stages
Advanced stages: trouble urinating, blood in semen, ED, discomfort in pelvic area, and bone pain
Risk factor- age, black men, family history of prostate or breast cancer, obesity
Treatment
depends on person, but can include chemo, radiation, hormone therapy, surgery
Scabies
Human scabies is caused by an infestation of the skin by the human itch mite. Scabies mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin where it lives and lays its eggs.
Pathogen/Cause
Infestation of the skin by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis).
Direct Transmission
They spread by direct, prolonged, skin-to-skin contact with a person with scabies.
Symptoms
4-8 weeks to develop symptoms
Intense itching and a pimple-like skin rash
Treatment
Scabicides because they kill scabies mites and some also kill mite eggs. This is obtained via prescription.
Prevention
By avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or with items such as clothing or bedding.
HPV/ Genital Warts
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. There are many types of HPV and some types can cause genital warts and cancers.
Pathogen/Cause
Viral and is the most common sexually transmitted infection.
Direct Transmission
You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. Commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex.
Symptoms
The symptoms can include genital warts, cervical cancer, and others
Treatment
There are no treatments for HPV, but there are treatments for the health problems HPV causes. Genital Warts can be treated by your healthcare provider. If untreated they will either go away, stay the same, or grow in size.
Prevention
Get vaccinated. It is safe and effective.
PID
Is a clinical syndrome that results from the ascension of microorganisms from the cervix and vagina to the upper genital tract. It is a serious complication of gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Pathogen/Cause
Bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, move upward from a woman’s vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs.
Direct Transmission
By having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has chlamydia. Can give chlamydia to your baby.
Symptoms
When symptoms are present they can include inflammation, mild pelvic pain, pain with intercourse, increased vaginal discharge, uterine tenderness, and others.
Treatment
Treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover likely pathogens.
Prevention
Using Latex condoms. Screening of women at risk for infection and treatment of infected women and their sex partners.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that causes health problems. It is divided into stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).
Pathogen
Bacterium called Treponema pallidum.
Direct Transmission
By direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Can also be passed down from mother to unborn baby. Sores can be found on the penis, vagina, or anus, or in the rectum, on the lips, or in the mouth.
Symptoms
Stages
Primary stage- sores
Secondary stage- skin rashes and/or mucous membrane. Others can include lesions, fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and fatigue
Tertiary stage- Affects the heart, blood vessels, brain, and nervous system.
Treatment
With antibiotics provided by the doctor. The treatment may not undo any damage the infection has done.
Prevention
To not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex
Chlamydia
A common STD that can affect both men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a women’s reproductive system. This results in making it difficult for them to get pregnant later on.
Pathogen
Bacteria disease-
Chlamydia trachomatis
Direct Transmission
By having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has chlamydia. Can give chlamydia to your baby. It is also sexually- transmitted.
Symptoms
Women- An abnormal vaginal discharge and a burning sensation when urinating.
Men- An abnormal vaginal discharge and a burning sensation when urinating. Pain and swelling in one or two testicles (not common).
Treatment
Yes, it can be cured with the right treatment (antibiotics). The medication shouldn’t be shared with anyone.
Prevention
To not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Use latex condoms the right way.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease that can infect both men and women. It is common among people ages 15-24.
Pathogen/Cause
By infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium.
Direct Transmission
Can give gonorrhea to your baby. It is also sexually- transmitted. By having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea.
Symptoms
Men- Burning sensation when urinating. Pain and swelling in one or two testicles (not common). A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis
Women- Burning sensation when urinating. Increased vaginal discharge and vaginal bleeding between periods.
Treatment
Can be cured with the right treatment. The medication shouldn’t be shared with anyone. It will not undo permanent damage done by gonorrhea. CDC now recommends a single 500 mg intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone.
Prevention
To not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Use latex condoms the right way.
Trichomoniasis
A very common sexually transmitted disease. Caused by multiple sex partners and not using condoms.
Pathogen/ Cause
A protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis
Direct Transmission
Passes from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex.
Symptoms
70% of people show no signs of symptoms. Some symptoms can include mild irritation to severe inflammation. They can show these symptoms in 5-28 days
Treatment
Treated with medication (metronidazole or tinidazole). These pills are taken by mouth.
Prevention
To not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Use latex condoms the right way.
Crabs/ Pubic Lice
Pubic lice are parasitic insects found primarily in the pubic or genital area of humans. Pubic lice infestation is found worldwide and occurs in all races, ethnic groups, and levels of society.
Pathogen/Cause
Pubic lice usually are spread through sexual contact and common in adults. Pthirus pubis
Direct Transmission
It is transmitted through sexual contact. Also through close contact to clothing, bed linens, or towels
Symptoms
Itching in the genital area. Visible nits (lice eggs) or crawling lice.
Treatment
A lice-killing lotion containing 1% permethrin or a mousse containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide.
Prevention
Avoid having sexual contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who’s been infected.
AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and is the last phase of HIV infection.
Pathogen/Cause
It is viral and it begins with the Human Immunodeficiency virus and leads to AIDS.
Direct Transmission
Anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
Symptoms
They get severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections. They have badly damaged immune systems.
Other symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue, and recurrent infections.
Treatment
No cure. strict adherence to antiretroviral therapy slows the process of HIV.
Prevention
Abstinence, not sharing needles, or using condoms correctly.
Genital Herpes
Genital Herpes is an STD caused by two types of viruses. The viruses are called herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Pathogen/Cause
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Direct Transmission
By having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the disease. Also through saliva, herpes sore, and through the skin, if the person has an infection.
Symptoms
Herpes sores usually appear as one or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth. The blisters break and leave painful sores that may take a week or more to heal (outbreaks).
Other symptoms can include fever, body aches, or swollen glands the first time someone has an outbreak.
Treatment
No cure. There are medications to prevent or reduce outbreaks.
Prevention
To not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex.