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Reproductive System, Jaclyn Orozco, Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System,
Jaclyn Orozco, Period 1
Major Functions of the Female Reproductive System
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
Secreting sex hormones
Providing a site for fertilization
Giving birth to a baby
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow
The female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle
Major Functions of the Male Reproductive System
They produce, maintain and transport sperm
They discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract
They produce and secrete male sex hormones
The opening of the urethra the tube that transports both semen and urine out of the body is located at the tip of the glans penis
The male reproductive system is a grouping of organs that make up a man’s reproductive and urinary systems
Chemicals stimulate or regulate the activity of your cells or organs
The primary hormones involved in the functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
FSH is necessary for sperm production which is spermatogenesis
LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis.
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes
- sperm producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Each testis is surrounded by 2 tunics
Tunica Vaginalis
- outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica Albuginea
- inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Septa divide testis into ~ 250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
Sperm is covered from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis
Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lumphatics that supply testis
The Scrotum
Sac of skin and superficial fascia
Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavityand root of penis
Contains paired testes
Midline septum divides scrotum into 2 compartments, 1 for each testis
Scrotum is affected by temperature changes
Both male and female share
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Support development of fetus and birth of baby
Epididymis
- transport sperm from the rete testes to the vas deferens
Ductus Deferens
- fibromuscular tube that is continuation of the epididymis and is an excretory duct of the testis
~ 45cm long
Vasectomy
- cutting and ligating ductus deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
- delivers sperm into the urethra, adding secretions and additives from the prostate necessary for sperm function, while providing an interface between the reproductive and urinary systems in men
Urethra
- This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder
Coveys urine and semen
Accessory Sex Glands
Seminal Glands
Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate specific antigen
Plays a role in sperm activation
Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Makes up 1/3 of semen volume
Bulbo Urethral Glands ( Cowper´s Gland
)
Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Lubricate glans penis
Neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Penis
Penis
- male copulatory organ
Root and shaft that ends in gians penis
Prepuce or foreskin - cut off loose skin covering gians
Circumcision
- surgical removal of forsekin
Internally, penis made up of spongy urethra and cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
Corpus Spongiosum
- surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
Corpoa Cavenosa
- paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection
- erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Ovaries
- female glands
Produce female gametes
Secrete female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
- paired structures flank the uterus are almond shaped and about twice as large
Each ovary is held in place by several ligaments
Ovarian Ligament
- anchors ovary medially to uterus
Suspensory Ligament
- anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovarian Follicles
- tiny sac like structures embedded in cortex
Contain immature egg encased by one or more layers of very different cells
Each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte in event called ovulation
Internal Genitalia
- located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system
External Genitalia
- external sex organs
Female external genitalia also called vulva or pudenum
Mons Pubis
- fatty area overlying pubis symphysis
Lubia Majora
- hair covered, fatty skin folds
Verstribule
- recess within labia minora
Clitoris
- anterior to vestibute
Reproductive rule of female more complex because of pregnancy
Uterine Tubes
Uterine Tubes also called fallopian tubes and oviducts recieve ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
Each tube ~ 10 cm long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
Infundibulum
- funnel shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
Margin contains cilitated projections called fimbrae that drape over ovary
During ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
Oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristlsis and ciliary action
Uterus
Hollow thick walled muscular organ
Function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Body
- major portion
Fundus
- rounded superior region
Isthmus
- narrowed inferior region
Cervix
- narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Cervical Canal
communicates with vagina via external os and uterine body via internal os
Uterine Wall
Perimertium -
outermost serous layer
Myometrium
- bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium
- mucosal lining
Vagina
Thin walled tube 8-10cm in length
Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
Vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
Mucosa near vagina orifice forms incompiete partition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
Hormones of the Female Reproductive System
Estrogen
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Support rapid short lived growth spurts at puberty
Induce secondary sex characterisitics
Growth of breasts
Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat
Widening and lightening of pelvis
Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
Faciliatates calcium uptake
Progesterone
Prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation
It triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg
Progesterone is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary
It plays important roles in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (FSH & LH)
- gonadrotropins relased from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG)
Hormones of the Male Reproductive System
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (FSH & LH)
- gonadrotropins relased from anterior pituitary
Testosterone
- a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body
In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm
Stimulates the development of male characteristics
Initiates the development of the male internal and external reproductive organs during foetal development and is essential for the production of sperm in adult life
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovulation
- Each month after puberty a select few primary oocytes are activated
Caused by high hormonal levels, especially FSH
1 from this group is selected each month to become dominant follicle
Ovarian Cycle
- monthly series of events associated with maturation of egg
2 consecutive phases, with ovulation occuring midcycle between phases
Follicular Phase
- period of vesicular follicle growth ( days 1-14)
Luteal Phase
- period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
Only 10- 15% women have 28 day cycle
Follicular pahse varies, but lutea; phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle
Hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback inhibits gondotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Uterine Cycle
- cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
1. Days 1-5
- menstrual cycle
Ovarian hormones are at the lowest levels
Gonadotrophin levels are beginning to rise
Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
Menstrual flow of blood and tissues lasts 3-5 days
By day 5 growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
2. Days 6-14
- proferative phase
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
As layer thicken, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
Estrogen also increases synthesis of pregesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Ovulation occurs at the end of proliferative phase on day 14
3. Days 15-28
- secretory phase
Phase that is most consistent in duration
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
If fertilization doesn´t occur :
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory pahase - progesterone levels fall
Endometrial cells die and glands regress
Blood vessels fragment and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI in United States
Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
Can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
Responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
Symptoms - urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; intercourse; irregular menses
Only 20% of women and 10% of men have symptoms
Conjuctivtis a painful eye infection that can lead to corneal scarring if untreated
Newborns picking bacteria up from birth canal can develop
Respiratory tract inflammations including pneumonia
Treatment - antibotics
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
Easily and inexpensively treated
Symptoms - 70% of women have no symptoms
3% have yellow and or green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Caused by neisseria honorrhoeae
Most infections are asymptomatic
In males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
Untreated can cause urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
In demales, symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abdominal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
Treatment - antibotics but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
Syphilis
Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
Caused by treponema pallidum
Infected fetuses can be still born or die shortly after birth
Bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
Infection is asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
Disease can enter latent period, which may not progress to tertiary syphilis
Tertiary syphilis is characterized by gummas and lesions that develop in CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Group of ~40 or more viruses is ost common STI in the United States
Over 50% of adults are infected during lifetime
Cause of genital warts
80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some stains of HPV
Can also be a cause of some penile, anal, and oropharyneal cancers
Vaccination can guard against most common cancer stains
Recommend for boys and girls before becoming sexually active
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
One of the most difficult human pathogens to control because most don´t know they are infected
Only 15% display signs of infection
Characterized by latent periods and flare ups with vesicle formation
Can be passed on to fetus
Congenital herpes can cause malformations
Treatment - antiviral drugs can reduce duration and intensity of flare ups