Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Reference: Universidad IEXPRO. (s.f) Second…

- - - - Language teaching and learning, translation studies, clinical linguistics, language planning and policy, computational linguistics.
        This includes issues as teaching methods, syllabus design, materials production, testing and evaluation, treatment of the 4 skills, language planning, classroom language and management, action research, and computer assisted language learning.
      - TRANSLATION STUDIES It deals with the transfer of linguistic information from one language to another.
        CLINICAL LINGUISTICS OR SPEECH PATHOLOGY OR LINGUISTIC APHASIOLOGY OR PSYCHOLOGUISTIC APHASIOLOGY presents biological models and hypotheses to explain the functioning of language in our brain and provides diagnosis and treatment of language problems detected in individuals.
        LANGUAGE PLANNING refers to all the activities of intervention over linguistic practices, this includes function, management, the process of standardization, policies on education matters.
        COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS develops theories and techniques that serve to process natural language into machine language, this has developed its own formalisms, syntax, lexis, such as translation, the transformation from written to spoken language, production of texts.
        ETHNOLINGUISTICS OR ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS is concerned with the connections between linguistics and a particular view of the world.
        SOCIOLONGUISTICS explores the inter-relationship between linguistic and society or social background (Hudson,1981)
        PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is centered on the study of language learning as cognitive process, neurolinguistics, the process of acquiring language or the internal factors and their effect on language learning.
- - - - Founder of the modern linguistics and the father of the the structuralist approach to linguistics. He suggested that linguistics also needed studies which were synchronic or static. in other words, He proposed that linguistics should concern themselves with the state of a given language at the present time.
      - LANGUAGE: refers to language system, an abstract series of rules which were acquired by all speakers of the same language.
        PAROLE: the individual utterance which are used by each memeber of a speech community.
  - - - language is formed by a number or linguistic signs which possess an identity and a relationship with the rest. The sign emerges as the result of an association of a concept or meaning with the image or significant.
    - - It is the relationship between the elements
    - - According to Leonard Bloomfield (1933) language is formed by a series of levels that are a group of hierarchical subsystems. At the beginning of the Structuralism, there were 3 main levels: the phonetical, the morphological, the syntactic, and later the semantic level was added. Finally, the morphological and syntactic level were grouped into the morphosyntactic level.
    - - It is used to characterize the phonetic and semantic levels of the language, like the phonemes which are units formed by a number of distinctive features.
        The lexical items consist of several semantic elements or "semes".
        This permits us to classify formal units in different classes or categories from the global as the classes of sentences, clauses, word classes, to the smallest unit like morphemes classes.
      - STRUCTURALIST PARADIGM
        
        STRUCTURALIST define themselves as DESCRIPTIVISTS in contrast to the PRESCRIPTIVIST attitudes of traditional grammar. The PRESCRIPTIVIST approach to language seek to modify and change the linguistic behaviour by rules. The DESCRIPTIVIST approach aims to describe language as a linguistic representation through the observation and collection of data.
    - - It has origins in the work of NOAM CHOMSKY, 1965. It is characterised by being in constant revision.
        
        IDEALISATION, INTUIITION
        AND INTROSPECTION
        
        Language is innate and the speaker of the language possesses an innate knowledge of it. Series of rules.
      - THE IMPORTANCE OF RULES
        
        Everything in the language can be explained by rules and the grammar of a language should generate well-formed utterances.
      - MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE
        LANGUISTIC STUDY
        
        Chimsky said that Linguistic theories should thus have an integral explanatory element
      - THE EXISTENCE OF LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS
        
        FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE: is related to the form of grammar (syntax, semantics, phonology) as well as the different types of rules, in contrast, have to do with the contents of those rules and syntactic categories.
      - THE CREATIVE NATURE OF LANGUAGE USE
        
        Language is creative, the users produce utterances. According to Chomsky, the notion of rule and creativity are not contradictory terms since any act of creativity is conducted within the framework of a rule.
      - THE NOTION OF DEEP, SURFACE AND TRANSFORMATION
        
        According to Chumsky a linguistic description should provide exaplanations about the speaker's ability to understand and generate new sentences.
        3 main levels are at least required:
        1.A surface structure, that is a series of sentences we percieve.
        
        A deep structure or prepositions that may undergo transformations when the speaker actually uses the language. the sentence i represented in an abstract way.
        
        Transformations or operations that go from the deep structure to the surface structure which allow us to see the connections between sentences that express the same meaning but use a different grammatical form.
      - COMPETENCE VERSUS PERFORMANCE
        
        COMPETENCE: intuitive knowledge that every speaker possesses of the language.
        PERFORMANCEthe act of interpreting or producing a speech act.