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The Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
The Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (Male & Female)
Specialized cells
Sperm (male)
Gametes in male
Is conveyed from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule- rete testis- efferent ductules- Epididymis
Ova (Female)
Gametes in female( specialized cells for sexual reproduction)
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
They both combine genetic information through fertilization
Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuze and all body cells arise from the zygote which is the very first cell.
Anatomy of Male (Reproductive Structures)
Accessory Glands:
Seminal Gland: provides sugar- rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of energy
Prostate
Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Ontains citrate, enzymes, and prostate- specific antigen (PSA)
Bulbo- urethral glands
it makes a clear thick mucus during sexual arousal
Lubricates glands penis
Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
Ducts:
Epididymis: is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It carries and stores sperm cells that are created in the testes.
Ductus deferens: thick- walled tube which transports sperm cells from epididymis.
Ejaculatory Duct; it delivers sperm into the urethra which then adds secretions and additives from the prostate necessary for sperm function.
Urethra: conveys both urine and semen at different times
Penis:
It is the male copulatory organ
Consists of the root and shaft which ends in glans penis
Prepuce, or foreskin: culf of loose skin covering glans
Circumcision: surgical removal of foreskin
Inside the penis consists of spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, spongy networks of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
Anatomy of Female (Reproductive Structures)
Vagina
Thin walled tube 8- 10 cm in length
Functions as birth canal, passageway of menstrual flow, and organ of copulation.
Baginal secretions are acidic in adult females
Uterine Tube
Uterine tubes, also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization.
Region of Uterine Tube: funnel shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity.
Uterus
It is a hollow wide, thick- walled muscular organ
Function is to recieve, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Region of Uterus
Body: major portion
Fundus: rounded superior region
Isthmus: narrowed interior region
Cervix; narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
External Genitalia
Mons Pubis: fatty area with pubic symphysis
Labia Majora: hair covered, fatty skin folds
Labia Minoria: skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule and is the counter part of male penis.
Hormones of the Reproductive System (Male & Female)
GnRH
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
is the key regulator of the reproductive axis.
determines the pattern of secretion of the gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, which then regulate both the endocrine function and gamete maturation in the gonads.
Sex Hormones
Oestrogen: Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries once a girl hits puberty.
Testosterone
Forces negative feedback on Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males.
Inhibin: released from gonads of both male and female and forces a negative response of FSH release from anterior pituitary
LH: a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that in the female stimulates ovulation and the development of corpora lutea
FSH: is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. It helps regulate the menstrual cycle (your period) and the process of ovulation in women.
Progesterone
Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
It is what promotes changes in cervical mucus
Progesterone during pregnancy is what inhibits uterine motility and helps prepare breats for lactation
Estrogen
Promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Support rapid short- lived growth spurts at puberty
Also has meatbolic effects which stablizes low fatal blood cholesteral and high HDL levels
Events of the Female Hormonal cycles
Menstruation
Days 1-5: menstrual phase and ovarian hormones at lowest level
Days 6- 14: proliferative (prevolunatry phase) levels of risen estrogen prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
Days 15- 28: Secretory (postvolatory) phase is the phase that is most consisten in duration
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates toward final of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall.
Follicular Phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation
Is the phase of the estrous cycle during which follicles in the ovary mature from primary follicle to a fully mature graafian follicle. It ends with ovulation.
Ovulation
It is in between follicular and luteal phase
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Luteal Phase
When ovulation is done, ruptured follicle calapsus and antrum ruptured follicle capsules and antrum fills with clotted blood
Are remaining cells of corpus luteum.
Last 2-3 days of luteal phase, when endometrium begins to erode
Disorders Associated with Reproductive System
Cancer Disorders
Breast Cancer: invasive breast cancer is most common malignancy a second most common cause of cancer death in US women. Usually arise from epithelium ducts that eventually metastasize.
Prostate Cancer: A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-sized gland that produces seminal fluid.
Testicular Cancer: It is most likely rare, but could happen around ages (15-35). Having mumps that lead to orchitis (inflammation of testes) can be a risk factor.
Cervical Cancer; affects 450, 000 women worldwide each year, killing half of them. And risks consist of frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies.
STI's and Reproductive Disorders
Bacterial
Chlamydia: It is most common bacterial STI in the Us and is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Gonorrhea: It is a bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive & urinary tracts.
Syphilis: It is a bacterial infection passed through sexually or congenitally and caused by Treponema pallidum.
Parasitic
Trichomoniasis: It is a parasitic infection that is mostly common in women and it is easily and inexpensively treated.
Viral
Human Papillomavirus (HPV): It is a group of 40 or more viruses and is mostly common in the US.
Genital Herpes: caused by herpes simplex virus and is one of the most difficult human pathogens to manage because most people are unaware that they are infected.