Reproductive System Melissa Maldonado p.5
Major Functions of the Reproductive system
Male Functions
Female functions
Produce Sperm (Testes)/ Store Sperm (Epididymis)
Transfer the sperm to the female
Produce testosterone
Nourish the sperm
They produce Luteinizing Hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
Main function is to produce ova
Fertilize the egg (zygote)
Go through the process of ovulation
Produce oestrogen and progesterone
Allow a baby to develop such as thickening of the endometrium
Anatomy of the male reproductive structures
External
Internal
Penis
Root: part of the penis that attaches to the abdomen wall
The body: contains sponge- like erectile tissue
Glans: cone shape end of the penis which is covered in foreskin
Urethra is found in the tip of the glans penis
It is a copulatory organ
Scrotum
Located behind the penis
loose pouch-like sac of skin
It's function is to protect the testicles
Climate control center for the testes
Important because the testes must be at a certain temperature in order for sperm development
Testicles
Location: In the scrotum
Spermatic cord secures the testes
The testes make testosterone, which is the primary male sex hormone
Produces sperm
Seminiferous tubules are in the testes which are the ones responsible for producing sperm (look like noodles)
Epididymis
A coiled tube that is located on the backside of each testicle
It's function is to store sperm cells as well as to mature the sperm
Vas deferens
it is a long tube that goes from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity
Function: It transports mature sperm to the urethra
Location: Next to the epididymis
Ejaculatory Ducts
Formed by the joining of the seminal vesicle and vas deferens
Function: To deliver sperm into the Urtehra
Through the duct semen is able to flow out in to the penis and out of the body
Location: Located on each slide of the prostate gland
Urethra
Function: Carry urine from bladder out of the body
Function: It ejaculates semen
During the ejaculation of semen urine is blocked from urethra
Seminal Vesicles
Are sac like pouches
Attach to the vas deferens
These vesicles contain fructose which gives the sperm energy to be able to move
Its fluid makes up most of the volume of ejaculatory fluid
Prostate Gland
Location:below urinary bladder
Its fluids help nourish the sperm
The fluid with the sperm is what is called semen
Contains muscles that allow the semen to go to the urethra
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's gland)
Location: on sides of the urethra, below prostate gland
Function: Produce a fluid that lubricates urethra
neutralizes acidity that may be present
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Internal
External
vagina
Function: Canal for birth
Function: passageway for menstrual cycle as well as organ of copulation
Secretions are acidic
Uterus
Hollow and this walled
Function: Receive, retain, and nourish the fertilized ovum
Wall: 1) Perimetrium outermost layer
Wall: 2) Myometrium: bulky middle layer containing smooth muscle
Wall 3) Endometrium: mucous lining that fertilizes egg
Ovaries
Location: on both sides of the uterus
Function: To produce gametes (ova)
Produce main female sex hormone (estrogen, progesterone)
Shape: almond
Uterine tubes: release ovulated oocyte which are fimbriae(finger looking) and infundibulum
there are ligaments that hold the ovaries (ovarian and suspensory ) ligamnets
Ovarian follicles: they look like tiny sacs and function is production of hormones and of the growth of oocytes
Allow for ova to go to the uterus
fertilization occurs in the uterine tubes (fallopian tube)
cerix
Function: make the passage of sperm to the uterine cavity easier
Maintain the fetus within the uterus during pregnancy
Mons Pubis
A fatty bulge which is made of tissue
Labia Majora
Area that is covered with pubic hari
on both sides of the vagina opening and are skin folds
Labia minora
They are skin folds that are within the labia majora
Part of the Vulva
Protective structure like Labia majora
Mammary Glands: Function secrete milk for the newborn babies glandular areolar is what produces the milk
Hormones of the reproductive system
Female
Male
Gonadotropin- realising hormone
Comes from the hypothalamus
Stimulates the production of LH and FSH from pituitary gland
Luteinizing Hormone
Comes from Anterior pituitary gland
It is what causes ovulation
Allows for he creation of corpus luteum once the follicle has been released
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Comes from the pituitary gland
Helps control the menstrual cycle
Stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries
It triggers production of estrogen in follicle
Estrogen
It is created in the follicles of the ovaries
Function: causes proliferation of the endometrial cells
causes the development of the mammary glands
Progesterone
Comes from the corpus luteum of the ovaries
allows for the secretion of fluid from the uterine glands
decreases LH and FSH secretion
regulates uterine cycle
prepares breasts for lactation
Inhibits uterine motility during pregnancy
Induce the secondary sex characteristics
GnRH
From the hypothalamus
It is what stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH in the pituitary gland
FSH
Produced in the pituitary gland
Stimulates development of sperm in the testes
LH
produced in the pituitary gland
causes testicles to produce testosterone (promotes sperm development)
Events of the female hormonal cycle
ovarian cycle
Disorder associated with the reproductive system
menstrual cycle
follicular phase Days 1-14
Follicular phase occurs in response to FSH and LH which develop the antrum
Starts off with the primordial follicle, very close to ovary capsule
The primary follicle is the 2nd phase which is in cuboidal form
The secondary follicle is made which the follicular cells are know multiplied
The second follicle then becomes the vesicular follicle were the atrium is starting to form
Then only one mature follicle is made, also the atrium is isolating the oocyte
Ovulation occurs when the mature follicle ruptures and the egg is released
corpus luteum is crated from the ruptured follicle
Luteal Phase
The Corpus Luteum is forming which produces estrogen and progesterone
The corpus luteum starts to degenerate if there is no fertilized egg and levels of estrogen and progesterone fall
The corpus leutum become the corpus albicans
Menstrual phase
The phase when you get your period and first stage of the menstrual cycle
Starts because the egg from the previous cycle isn't fertilized
Proliferative Phase
hypothalamus send signal to pituitary gland to release FSH
You produce follicles which sets estrogen to thicken the lining of the uterus
Both granulosa and theca cells produce high amounts of estrogen which stimulate endometrial lining to build again
ovulation marlks the end of the proliferative phase
Secretory Phase
The progesterone from the corpus luteum is what starts the secretory phase
The endometrium lining prepares for implantation
If there is no fertilizatio then the entire cycle will start again
Bacterial STI
Chlamydia
Cause: Chlamydia trachomatis
Symptom: urethritis
Treatment: Antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Cause: Bacteria infection of mucous in reproductive tract
Symptom: Asymptomatic most times
Treatment : Antibiotics
Parasitic STI
Trichomoniasis
Cause:parasitic infection
Symptom: 70% no symptoms/ yellow green vaginal dischrage
Treatment: Easy/ Inexpensive
Syphilis
Cause: treponema pallidum
Symptom: 2-3 weeks no sysmptom/ painless chancre
Treatment: Penicillin
Viral STI
Human Papillomavirus
Cause: Being sexually active
Symptom: genital warts
Treatment: Vaccine to prevent in young boys/girls
Genital Herpes
Cause: herpes simplex virus
Lead to cervical cancer in woman
Symptoms: Only 15% show signs
Treatment: Antiviral drugs(no cure)
Cervical Cancer
A tumor that is malignant in the cervix
Detected through a papanicolao smear
Treatment: Gardsil vaccine