Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Reproductive System, Kevin Do P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System, Kevin Do P.5
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE
produce, maintain, and transport semen
discharge and secrete sperm into the female reproductive tract
produce male sex hormones which are mainly testosterone
Primary Organ of Males
Testes
organ that produces sperm
Accessory Organs
bulbourethral gland
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
Ductus System
delivery of male gamete
ductus deferens
epididymis
urethra
FEMALE
Primary Sex Organ
Ovaries
secrete hormones
protect eggs that females hold from birth
release eggs for fertilization
Ductus System
delivery of female gamete
uterine
uterus
vagina
External Genitalia
enables sperm to enter body
protect internal reproductive organs from infection
REPRODUCTION
process by which new individuals of a species are produced through sexual intercourse
Sexual Repreoduction
reproduction involving a female and male partner
Fertilization
fusion of egg and sperm to produce a zygote
ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Support for Uterus
Uterosacral Ligament
anchored posteriorly
Broad Ligament
anchor interiorly
Round Ligament
anchor interiorly
Uterine Tube
receive the ovulated oocyte
provides a site for fertilization
Fimbriae
finger-line projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
Uterus
nourishes the fertilized egg
receives the fertilized egg
retains the fertilized egg
Walls of Uterus
Perimetrium
outer layer
Myometrium
middle layer
Endometrium
inner layer
Vagina
serves as a birth canal
External Genitalia
Vestibule
enclosed by labia majora
Mons Pubis
fatty pad over the pubic area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Labia
skin folds around the opening of the vagina
Clitoris
contains erectile tissue
Mammary Glands
found in both sexes, but ceases to develop in males
Regions of Uterus
body (main portion)
Fundus
area where uterine tube enters
Cervix
narrow outlet that protrudes into vagina or opening into the uterus
HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE
Testosterone
causes secondary sex characteristics
thickening of bones
more present hair growth in genital area and face
deepening of voice
enlargement of skeletal muscles
stimulates the reproductive organ development and sex drive
Inhibin
released by the testes when high levels of testosterones are present to release and stimulate the hypothalamus in order to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone to stop production of LH and FSH
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
stimulates the seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
at puberty, the FSH stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
triggered by low levels of testosterone
controlled by negative feedback
FEMALE
Inhibin
the decreasing release of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
released by the hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
Estrogen
The primary female sex hormone released by follicles
Low levels of estrogen causes release of FSH
High levels of estrogen caus release of LH and GnRH
Estrogen contributes to the thickening of the uterine wall
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
the spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the mature follice
ANATOMY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Epididymis
mature and store sperm cells
Vas Deferens
carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Urethra
carries both sperm and urine
Semen
White and sticky mixture of secretions from glands
Seminal Vesicle
produces a thick alkaline yellowish secretion
Prostate Gland
secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
Bulbourethral Gland
secrete and alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates the penis for penetration just before ejaculation
Scrotum
divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testis
Penis
delivers semen into female reproductive tract
EVENTS OF THE FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLES
Reproductive Cycle
A typical cycle runs on average about 28 days
Uterine Cycle
Menstrual Phase
The decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict which cause cells to become ischemic and die. The cells are sloughed off or shed off.
Days 1-5
bleeding lasts for 3-5 days, may vary
Proliferative Phase
Days 6-14
The estrogen hormone stimulates the growth of blood vessels of the endometrium which causes it to double in thickness
The thickening of the endometrium allows the ovulated egg to be caught to create implantation.
Secretory Phase
If pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of the phase, the LH hormone levels will drop due to the surge of progesterone levels
Days 15-28
The uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
In response to the increasing levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes prepared for pregnancy.
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Days 1-14
The FSH hormone causes follicular cells to develop into primary follicles
This phase extends from the beginning of menstruation until it reaches ovulation
Ovulation
Day 14
Triggered by the sudden spike in LH hormone levels which are caused by steady increase in estrogen during the stimulation of the pituitary gland.
Minor rise in progesterone prior to ovulation causes the basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees
Luteal Phase
The corpus luteum secretes the progesterone hormone, some estrogen, and the inhibin that suppresses the FSH.
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections)
Chlamydia
Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis
Symptoms: penile and vaginal discharge, abdominal,rectal, or testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses, urethritis
Can be treated and cured with antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Male Symptoms: urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis
Female Symptoms: abdominal comfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, urethral symptoms
Trichomoniasis
parasite causes vaginal inflammation
Symptoms: 70% of women are asymptomatic, 30% of women have a yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor.
Syphilis
Caused by Treponema Pallidum
Symptoms: sores that spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex
For the first 2-3 weeks, infection is asymptomatic
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Cause of genital warts
Passed and spread through skin to skin contact
Genital warts can be found on the penis/vagina, mouth, and throat
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
Most people are unaware that they are infected so it is a difficult pathogen to control
Can be treated with antiviral drugs which reduce duration and flare
Symptoms: pain, itching, irritation, sores, ulcers, scabs