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Reproductive System by Carolina Alvarado Period: 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization and egg is implanted into the walls of the uterus
      - If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining).
      - In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
  - - - They discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract.
      - They produce and secrete male sex hormones.
      - They produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around the sperm).
- - - - The body or shaft: Shaped like a tube or cylinder, the body of the penis is made up of three internal chambers. Inside these chambers there’s a special, sponge-like erectile tissue that contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when you’re sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sex. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic, allowing for changes in penis size during an erection.
      - The glans: This is the cone-shaped end of the penis. The glans, which is also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision.
      - The root: This is the part of the penis that attaches to the wall of your abdomen.
    - - Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
- - - - Leutenizing hormone (LH) is also produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone. It triggers ovulation (the release of a mature ovum from the ovary), and it promotes the development of the corpus luteum.
      - Estrogen is a female reproductive hormone, produced primarily by the ovaries. It promotes the maturation and release of an ovum in the menstrual cycle.
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland during the first half of the menstrual cycle. It stimulates development of the maturing ovarian follicle and controls ovum production in the female.
      - Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary. Its function is to prepare the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for the receiving and development of the fertilized ovum.
  - - - FSH is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis).
      - LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis.
      - FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland. It’s located at the base of the brain and it’s responsible for many functions in your body.
      - Testosterone is also important in the development of male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.
- - - - More frequent periods at first, and then occasional missed periods
      - Periods that are longer or shorter
      - Changes in the amount of menstrual flow
      - Eventually your periods will become much less frequent, until they stop completely.
    - - The ovaries stop making the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
      - The ovaries also stop releasing eggs (ova, oocytes). After menopause, you can no longer become pregnant.
      - Your menstrual periods stop. You know you have gone through menopause after you have had no periods for 1 year. You should continue to use a birth control method until you have gone a whole year without a period. Any bleeding that occurs more than 1 year after your last period is not normal and should be checked by your health care provider.
  - - - 2. Ovulation
        
        Ovulation starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started. The ovulatory phase is the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, with the next menstrual period starting about two weeks later. During this phase, the following events occur:
        
        The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of luteinizing hormone that is produced by the brain.
        
        This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary.
        
        As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg into the tube.
        
        Also during this phase, there is an increase in the amount and thickness of mucus produced by the cervix (lower part of the uterus). If a woman were to have intercourse during this time, the thick mucus captures the man's sperm, nourishes it, and helps it to move towards the egg for fertilization.
      - 3. Luteal Phase
        
        The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle begins right after ovulation and involves the following processes:
        
        Once it releases its egg, the empty follicle develops into a new structure called the corpus luteum.
        
        The corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant.
        
        If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process called conception), the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. The woman is now considered pregnant.
        
        If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins.
      - 1. Follicular Phase
        
        This phase starts on the first day of your period. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the following events occu
        
        Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries.
        
        The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15 to 20 eggs in the ovaries, each in its own "shell," called a follicle.
        
        These hormones (FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the female hormone estrogen.
        
        As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating hormone. This careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of follicles that mature.
        
        As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the group. As a result, they stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen.