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Native American Civil Rights - 1970 to 92 - Coggle Diagram
Native American Civil Rights - 1970 to 92
Presidents
Nixon
1969
- paved the way for Indian reforms with the appointment of a Mohawk-Sioux,
Louis R. Bruce Jnr.
1970
- pledge to return Indian lands began with a number of laws authorising the return of tribal lands to the Makah and Taos Pueblo Indians
1972
- given
preference in employment
opportunities in the
Bureau of Indian Affairs
1972
-
Indian Education Act
- increase in federal funding, Inc. programmes to build reservation schools
Ford
1975 - Indian Self-Determination Act
- allowed NAs to have control of their futures
1975 - Indian Education Assistance Act
- gave American-Indian parents greater involvement in their children's education through membership of their school board
Carter
1978 - Native American Religious Freedom Act
- right to believe, express and practice traditional religions
1978 - Indian Child Welfare Act
- determined the rights of Native American parents from having their children removed when they didn't need to be
Reagan
Native Capitalism
- intended the reduce the burden on federal and state expenses by the development of profit-making enterprises by NAs themselves
At the end...
NA - still the
poorest
ethnic group in America
Assimilation
had still occurred, and whilst steps were being made in order to help change it, it would
never go back
to how it was before
Land could never be taken back
- built on and owned by USA now, no longer could travel freely.
Red Power - AIM
1971 - Occupation of Mount Rushmore
in the Black Hills of Dakota, was an attempt to reassert the disputed
ownership of the burial ground of the Sioux.
AIM established a camp to protest.
1972 - AIM took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington DC.
Followed the arrival of in the city of the
'Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan'
(fleet of cars w/ 1000 protesters)
Leaders drew up a paper with 20 points to be discussed. Originally a
peaceful treaty, but turned violent when were evicted
1973 - The Occupation of Wounded Knee
It was the site of the
1890 massacre of Sioux
, and protest arose following allegations of the suspected financial dealings of the president of the reservation and his maltreatment of NAs.
Violent occupation
lasted for 71 days
. Full media coverage.
1975 - Pine Ridge Reservation occupation - further violent actions
During a shooting incident,
2 FBI agents were killed.
Member of AIM found guilty and charged.
A US court of appeals judge later blamed the feds
NARF and the Supreme Court
1974 - Oneida v. Oneida and Madison Counties
To establish the rights to sue for the return of their lands through the Supreme Court
1976 - Fisher v. Montana
Secured the right of tribal courts to decide on all cases regarding the adoption of Indian children
1
980 - United States v. The Sioux Nation
Offered $17.5 million in compensation and an additional 5% interest per year since 1877 ($106 million) for the loss of lands.
Sioux refused it, preferring the return of land
1982 - Seminole Tribe v. Butterworth
Established the right for the tribe to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation, even if banned by state laws
1986 - Charrier v. Bell
NARF lawyers secured the agreement that the remains dug from ground in Louisiana belonged to the NA community.
As a result, 30 states passed laws protecting NA burial grounds