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sociological - Coggle Diagram

- - - - they believe two factors increase people's sense of relative deprivation
        
        media pump out messages urging people to aspire to material possessions
        
        society is becoming more unequal due to cuts in benefits, unemployment, job insecurity and low pay
    - - this may explain some hate crimes against powerless groups
- - - - boureoisie, who own the means of production (businesses, banks, land etc)
    - - proleriat, whose labour the capitalists exploit to make profit
  - - - capitalism causes crime
      - law making and enforcement is biased
      - crime and law perform ideological functions
  - - - a set of ideas that conceal the inequality of a capitalist society
    - - selective enforcement makes it look as though crime is the fault of the working class. this divides the working class, encourages workers to blame working class criminals for their problems rather than capitalism
      - this also shifts attention away from much more serious ruling class crime
      - some laws do benefit workers to a limited extent eg health and safety laws. Pearce also argues that these benefit capitalism by giving t a 'caring' face.
  - - - argues that laws are made to protect the private property of the rich e.g laws against the homeless squatting empty houses but none against the rich for owning several
    - - they argue that the law is enforced selectively against the working class but not the upper class
    - - out of 200 companies who had broke health ad safety laws, Carson found that only 3 were prosecuted
      - despite the large numbers of deaths at work caused by employers negligence, there was only 1 successful prosecution of a UK firm in 8 years of corporate homocide
      - corporate crimes is often punished less severely, for example with fines rather than jail even though it often causes great harm
- - - - give up striving for success and continue with their dead end jobs
    - - dropouts who reject both goals and means
    - - accept the goal but find illegal ways of achieving it (utilitarian crimes)
    - - reject the existing goals and means and replace them with new ones with the aim of changing society e.g. political radicals
- - - - they believe that biological difference are what makes an individual more likely to commit a crime, personality traits are associated with criminality e.g aggressiveness or risk taking
    - - Murray
        
        believes that the nuclear family are being undermined by generous welfare benefits. he claims this has led to a steady rise in the number of welfare-dependant lone parent families as the state is a replacement for a father as they support and take responsibilities
        
        absent fathers means that boys lack discipline and an appropriate male role model so they don't see a man that works hard. as a result they may turn to a delinquent role model in street gangs and young men gain status through crime rather than supporting their families
    - - assumes we are rational beings with a free will
      - Deciding to commit a crime is a choice based on rational calculations of the consequences - if rewards outweigh risks people will be more likely to offend
      - problems
        
        if it is correct, offenders may act rationally and just move to where their target is softer, this is called displacement (crime doesn't decline it just moves)
    - - argues that for a crime to occur three factors are necessary
        
        a motivated offender
        
        a suitable target
        
        absence of a capable guardian
- - - - this is where shared norms become weakened
      - society has many subcultures, each with different values so shared rules of behaviour become less clear
  - - - crime produces a reaction that unites societies members against the offender. this reminds them of the boundary of right and wrong and reaffirming shared rules
    - - individuals with new ideas must challenge existing norms and values, at first this will be seen as deviance
      - Nelson Mandela opposing the apartheid
    - - provides a relatively harmless way for someone to express tension
      - Davis argues that prostitution acts to release men's sexual frustrations without threatening nuclear family
    - - deviance indicates that an institution isn't functioning properly e.g. high truancy rates could indicate problems within the education system