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REPORTED SPEECH - Coggle Diagram
REPORTED SPEECH
CHANGES
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This (time, demonstrative), these -› that, those
This, that (determiner) -› the
This, these (pronoun) -› it, they, them
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PUNCTUATION
“I couldn’t sleep last night,” he said.
Rita said, ‘I don’t need you anymore.’ Continue…
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TWO WAYS
- direct speech
- indirect speech
- example for ‘direct’ (unreported) speech -They said, "They have taken exercise."
- example for ‘indirect’ (reported) speech - They said that they had taken exercise.
BACKSHIFTING - is sometimes optional; such situations include permanent / habitual situations, still existing or
relevant situations
EXAMPLES:
- Susie said, "I am buying a new car." (DIRECT)
- Susie said that she was buying a new car. (INDIRECT)
NO BACKSHIFTING -when the reporting verb is in the present tense
- EXAMPLES:
- I want to go home. (DIRECT)
- He has been saying that he wants to go home. (INDIRECT)
MORE EXAMPLES:
- “I took the cookies,” said John. (DIRECT)
- John has said (that) he took the cookies. (‘has said’ is present perfect simple)
- John says (that) he took the cookies. (‘says’ is present simple)
REPORTING YES - NO QUESTIONS
- expect yes or no as the answer
- we use if or whether to report yes/no question
EXAMPLES: "Will you do this?" (DIRECT)
She asked me if I would do that. (INDIRECT)
ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (OR/CHOICE)
- He asked me if I had come by train or by bus
- alternative question: ‘Did you come by train or by bus?’
REPORTING COMMANDS - Dad: "Do your homework." (DIRECT) -Dad told me to do my homework. (REPORTED SPEECH)
ADVICE - They advised me to wait till the following day. (advice: ‘You should wait till the following
day.’)
- we use ‘reported speech’ when we want to tell someone what we or another person
said
REPORTING WH- QUESTIONS
- questions are reported as wh-clauses (=sentences) – statement word order
(=izjavni redoslijed riječi!)
- EXAMPLES:
- "What is the problem?" (DIRECT)
- She asked what the problem was. (INDIRECT)