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The 17th century, Jorge Presa 3.E - Coggle Diagram
The 17th century
SPAIN IN THE 17TH CENTURY
the Austrian Habsburgs ruled Spain
Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos II
the Spanish monarchy fell into decline
On the Peninsula
the economic situation worsened
Spain began to lose its political importance
until it became a second rate power
The validos
used their power to become rich
used their power to give positions of power and priviledges to their supporters and family
This corruption
increased rivalry among the different groups of nobles leading to conspiracies
THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURGS
Felipe III (1598-1621)
his valido
the Duke of Lerma governed
Spain was bankrupt
to reduce expenses
the armed conflicts were ended
a peace treaty was signed with England
a truce was declared with the Protestants in the Low Countries
In 1609
the expulsion of the Moriscos
accused of
being fake christians
of practising their own religion in secret
Felipe IV (1621-1665)
delegated power to his valido
Count-Duke of Olivares
he attempted to introduce centralising reforms to increase tax collection
the Union of Arms
proposed that all the kingdoms ruled by the Spanish monarchy
provide soldiers and funds to cover the cost of the European wars
In the Crown of Aragón's kingdoms
the courts opposed this idea and the proposal failed
who attempted to regain power over Europe
Spain went bankrupt several times
after many years at war
the toll it was taking
provoked numerous domestic rebellions
most serious ones were in Catalonia and Portugal
In Portugal
the nobility managed to appoint a Portuguese king
Conspiracies also occurred in Andalucía and Aragón
revolts ocurred in Naples and Sicily
the Peace of Westphalia
Spain focused on controlling its domestic revolts
Spain was resuming its war against France
In 1652
the royal army took control of Barcelona and ended the revolt in Cataluña
Felipe IV's troops were defeated by the French army
Spain was forced to sign a peace treaty with France
the Treaty of the Pyrenees, in1659
consequences
France renounced Catalonia
France gained the Catalonian territories of Roussillon, Cerdanya and in Flanders
A marriage was arranged
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Carlos II (1665-1700)
he was a minor when he came to the throne
Different validos took power during his reign
because he was suffering from an illness
France continued its hostilities against a weak Spain
gaining more territories
Carlos II left no heirs
creating a serious conflict over succession when he died
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
Carlos II named Felipe, Duke of Anjou, as his successor to the Spanish throne
This would mean that the thrones of Spain and France would be united under a single ruler
an anti-Bourbon alliance was formed
This caused the War of Succession
Felipe was proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid in 1700
The Archduke Carlos was proclaimed King of Spain in Barcelona in 1705
After Felipe's victory at the Battle of Almansa in 1707
he conquered Valencia and Aragón
1711
the Archduke Carlos inherited the throne of Austria
the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 between France and the coalition
with the exception of Austria
1714
Felipe V took control of Barcelona and ended the war
consequences
France imposed Felipe V as King of Spain
Austria gained the Spanish Low Countries, Naples, Sardinia and Milan
Great Britain gained Gibraltar, Minorca and the French colonies in North America
Spain lost its European territories but maintained the ones it held in the Americas
The kingdom of Spain became a centralised state
based on the French model
Felipe V passed the Nueva Planta' decrees
which abolished the fueros and the institutions of the Crown of Aragón
THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
took place between 1618 and 1648
caused by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
The main phases of this war
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who was also King of Bohemia, fought against them
Two sides were formed
The Emperor had the support of the German Catholics, the King of Spain and Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany
but they were defeated
The intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory
the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened supported by England
the United Provinces resumed their fight against Spain
The Protestants were defeated and signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
Swedish participation
the German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
The King of Sweden came to their aid
creating a greater balance of military power
a peace treaty was signed
under which religious persecution would be stopped
Protestant property would be returned
Sweden would gain more power in the area
France joined the conflict
After the Surrender of Breda
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful
France formed an alliance with the Protestants against the Catholic side
In 1643
the French army defeated the Spanish troops
at the Battle of Rocroi
The toll the war was taking led the powers involved to sign the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
The main consequences of this peace treaty
Spanish monarchy
it lost their dominance over Europe
The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
This new country became a great trading and naval power
controlling the trade routes to Asia
German states
its sovereignty was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were established
Sweden
it became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France
it obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire
it became the leading power in Europe
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM
In the monarchies of the Modern Age
the kings increased their power
when absolute monarchies were established
all the power was held by the king
Absolutism was supported by the Church
Absolute power was considered a divine right:
the king was God’s representative and everyone was accountable to him.
some thinkers
considered an absolute monarchy to be the best possible political system
Absolutism began to spread to the majority of the European states
except England and Holland
France became the main example of an absolute monarchy
under King Louis XIV
His reign
He had a large court of advisors
He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
The monarch held unrestricted power
He gave the administrative officials
He had a board of governors
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had an extremely well organised professional army
He intervened in the economy
ENGLAND AND THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
The English King Charles I
was an absolutist monarch
he needed to raise money
so he summoned Parliament to increase taxes
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
a civil war broke out
from 1642 to1648
between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
the King was executed
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Parliament
consisted of the Puritan bourgeoisie and Anglican nobles
when King James II tried to reinstate Catholicism
there was another uprising
resulting in the Glorious Revolution in 1680
expelled the King and replaced him with William III
This new monarch was willing to obey Parliament
In 1689
he signed the Bill of Rights
recognising
Parliament's authority
private property
restrictions to royal power
In Europe
republics governed by a parliament had already been established
England was the first parliamentary monarchy
the king's power was restricted
the country was governed by a parliament
consisted of two groups, who governed alternately
The House of Lords
who represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons
SOCIETY
The different rates at which the economies developed also caused social differences
Atlantic Protestant Europe
bourgeois traders prospered
through the craft and trade industries
They became more powerful
gained access to political positions
became part of the privileged class
Their powerful position
enabled them to develop trade
generating yet more wealth
Southern Catholic Europe
the economy barely recovered
The nobility and the clergy
maintained their positions of power
continued to reject the craft and trade industries
and any other manual work they considered undignified
Their objective
accumulate noble titles
live off the rents they received from their lands and possessions
Society was divided into various classes
petite bourgeoisie
included artisans, small-scale traders and labourers
They were disadvantaged
by having to pay taxes
badly affected by the crises
peasants
formed the majority of the population
whose situation was very precarious
they became very vulnerable during agricultural crises
many of them had to resort to begging
haute bourgeoisie
consisted of important traders, bankers and high public officials
They continued to prosper
especially in certain countries
beggars
who increased in number
They lived in the cities
They had to beg or depend on charity to survive
nobility
did not pay any taxes
political or military obligations
but mainly dedicated their time to hunting and social events
When the monarchs needed to increase their resources
they resorted to raising the taxes of the peasants and bourgeoisie
If this occurred in a year of bad harvests
violent social revolts broke out
The majority of those who rebelled were peasants
who were sometimes led
by discontented nobles or members of the bourgeoisie
THE ECONOMY IN THE 17TH CENTURY
THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN SPAIN
The Spanish monarchy became involved in more wars than the other European powers
--agricultural crisis
a greater demographic decline in Spain than in the rest of Europe<--
The agricultural crisis and the decline in the population
The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609
more than 300 000 people left the Peninsula =
the majority were farmers
a very negative effect on agriculture
especially in Aragón and Valencia
Many farmers left the countryside
due to the hard way of life
they migrated to the cities where they survived by begging
Others migrated to America in order to escape poverty
Pícaros became more predominant
people from a low social class who manage to survive by deceiving and cheating others =
The trade and craft industry crisis
the Spanish monarchy ran out of resources from the Americas
The mines were empty
consequently the Spanish monarchs' main source of income decreased
their sea route to the Americas
was constantly under threat from pirates and smugglers
crisis in the craft industry
Spanish manufactured products
were not competitively priced in comparison to other countries
Trade with the Americas decreased
craft industries were established locally to meet the demand
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY
an agricultural crisis
Agriculture was the main economic activity
affected by
wars
resulted in areas being plundered
agricultural production decreased
reduction in the workforce in the countryside
Agricultural techniques were outdated
low productivity
Plagues and other epidemics
increase in mortality
reduction in the agricultural workforce
Farmers migrated to the cities
to avoid paying taxes
many of them fled because they were unable to pay them
years of bad harvests
when agricultural production decreased
prices rose and the majority of the population
did not have enough food
This situation
= a subsistence crisis
occurred frequently in the 17th century
hunger spread
demographic decline throughout Europe
second half of the century
the situation improved slightly
increase in the population
By the end of this century
the population had increased to the same level that it was at the beginning
factors that enabled this recovery to occur
Jorge Presa 3.E