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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation The Western World - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation The Western World
A Culture of Protest
Protests for sexual mores, education, women's rights, antiwar (Second Vietnam)
Experimentation w/ drugs, pornography, sexual freedom =
permissive society
Sex ed, gay rights,
birth control pill
, open prostitution and pornography = free sexual behavior
College and university students use
marijuana
(mind expansion or higher levels of consciousness)
Timothy Leary
researched effects of
LSD
= understood hallucinogenic experiences
Sex and drug attitudes = youth questioned authority and fostered rebellion against older gen.
After WWII states foster equal educational opportunity (reduce/eliminate fees) = universities have lots of middle and lower class students
Too many students, less attention, authoritarian teachers, student resentment, irrelevant education
Herbert Marcuse's
One-Dimensional Man
: people dissatisfied, but capitalism = encouraged to consume to be happy
Call for democratic decisions reflect their concerns of Western society
In
1968
, a student revolt started in the
University of Nanterre
(continued to spread)
Feminism
or the women's liberation movement worked for equal partnership w/ men
Betty Friedan's
Feminine Mystique
: women kept from growing to full human capacity
Antiwar protests
occurred b/c they thought the Vietnam war was aggressive and imperialistic
Divided the American people, but died out eventually (teach-ins, sit-ins = student protesters died at
Kent State
University)
A Divided Western World
Leonid Brezhnev: "no expirimentation"
Brezhnev Doctrine
gave Soviets rights to intervene if socialism threatened another socialist state
Détente
: relaxed atmosphere
Soviets had economic problems: decline in industry, gov. insisted on central planning, guaranteed employment and no incentives = no interest, too much security, absenteeism, and drunks (had to rely on capitalist countries)
Decline in economy, infant death rates, alcoholism, bad working conditions = bad morale and no trust in system
Moscow can control satellites = East Europe's Communist leaders have socialist reform programs
Poland's worker unrest =
Solidarity
(independent labor movement) led by
Lech Walesa
Hungary's János Kádár
legalized small private enterprises, "Communism with capitalist facelift", friendly w/ West
Czechoslovakia's Alexander Dubcek gave freedom of speech, press, travel abroad, and relaxed secret police = euphoria (
"Prague Spring"
) (failed)
East Germany's Walter Ulbricht
led Communist gov. in Romania
Erich Honecker
succeeded Ulbricht, used seccret police to rule w/ iron fist
Industry nationalized and agriculture collectivized = worker's revolt = East Germans went to West Germany =
Berlin Wall
Economic growth → recession (inflation and unemployment)
Social democrats formed coalition w/ FPD (Free Democratic Party) in West
Willy Brandt
was the first Social Democratic chancellor
Brandt "opened toward the east" (
Ostpolitik
) = treaty w/ East
Free Democrats join w/ Christian Democrats to form gov.
Britain's Conservative and Labour Parties alternated power (couldn't end fights btwn Catholic and Protestants)
Margaret Thatcher
was first woman prime minister
Was called the
"Iron Lady"
b/c she wanted to lower taxes, reduce gov. bureaucracy, limit social welfare, restrict union power, end inflation
Thatcherism
: economic policy that improved British economic system (benefitted south England, but not industrial areas)
Argentine attempt to control
Falklands Island
(Britain's colony) =
Falklands War
= Thatcher's support
France's François Mitterrand
: socialist leader elected president, dealt w/ economic difficulties (froze prices and wages, increase min. wage, more social benefits, mandatory vacation, 39 hour workweek, high taxed rich)
Italy's Eurocommunism
: attempt at broadening communism by dropping Marxist ideology
Mostly led by Christian Democrats
West Europe wanted to integrate their economies (+ international and political affairs) =
European Community (EC)
Richard Nixon
ended US involvement in Vietnam and pursued
"southern strategy"
(stopping desegregation to appeal to southern whites = South supports Republicans)
Nixon used illegal methods to get info on political opponents =
Watergate
(attempted bugging of Democratic National Headquarters) = resignation
Jimmy Carter
faced
stagflation
(increase in oil prices = high inflation and unemployment)
Ayatollah Khomeini
(Iranian gov.) took
American hostages
= Carter is weak = lost election to Reagan (Republican)
Reagan Revolution
reversed increased spending on social welfare (reduced food stamps, school lunch programs, job programs)
Relied on
"supply-side economics"
to pay for peace time spending (tax cuts) = short-term economic upturn
Canada's Pierre Trudeau
: liberal gov. leader (allowed French and English to be used in civil service, industrialization program, high inflation, will of fed. gov. on provincial gov.)
Brian Mulroney
became leader of Progressive Conservative Party
The Cold War: The Move to Détente
US fought in
Second Vietnam War
US believed South Vietnam couldn't deal w/
Vietcong
= Diem overthrown
After Vietnam was defeated by French it divided (Ho Chi Minh and Soviets vs. Ngo Dinh Diem and US)
Vietcong taking control = Lyndon Johnson launched bomb raids and sent troops
Domino theory
: if Communists succeeded in Vietnam other Asian countries would fall to communism
Revolts and discontent = Nixon agreed to withdraw forces and North Vietnamese won (domino theory didn't come true)
US believed Soviets wanted to protect empire, not expand
Mao Zedong
believed constant revolution = communism (
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
where society was cleansed of those guilty of capitalism)
Red Guards
eliminated
"four olds"
(ideas, culture, customs, habits)
"Permanent revolution,"
: constant revolutionary enthusiasm
US feared Communist expansion = Korean War, Second Vietnam War, and concern of China
Nixon
met with
Zedong
to create diplomatic ties and lessen tensions (
"strategic relationship"
)
Détente marked by reduced tensions btwn superpowers
Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
: nations agreed to limit systems for launching antiballistic missiles (ABMs)
"Equivalence"
: US believed equal power on each side was best to avoid nuclear confrontation
Helsinki Agreements, 1975
: US, Canada, and all European nations recognized borders established since end of WWII, recognize and protect human rights
Jimmy Carter focused on protection of human rights + Soviets invade Afghanistan (tension w/ US) = US didn't participate in Olympics and put embargo on US grain to Soviets
Reagan called Soviet Union an
"evil empire"
and started military buildup for arms race
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)/"Star Wars"
: created space shield to destroy incoming missiles
US helped Afghanistan w/ military support
Society and Culture in the Western World
During WWII gov. recruited scientists to make weapons and instruments of war
Computer, self-propelled rockets, jet airplanes, atomic bomb
Space race
started when Soviets announced
Sputnik
(space satellite) was launched into orbit around the Earth
US wanted to land a manned spacecraft on moon within a decade
Grace Hopper
invented
COBOL
(computer lang. that allowed computers to respond to words and numbers) = doesn't take up as much space
Universe wasn't "collection of physical objects", but "various parts of a unified whole"
E.F. Schumacher's
Small is Beautiful
: critiqued dangers of science and technology (proliferation of fouled beaches, dying forests and lakes = environmentalism)
Serious ecological problems: air pollution caused respiratory illness and corrosive effects on buildings, polluted waters had health risk, dying forests, disappearing wildlife)
Chernobyl, 1986
: nuclear power disaster made Europeans more aware of potential environmental hazards
Environmental concerns = political parties for protection of environment =
Green parties
and Green movement (didn't replace traditional parties)
Postmodernism
rejects modern West belief of objective truth, not relative nature of reality and knowledge
Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralism
: nature of signs is random and language is a human construct (language gave humans capacity for knowledge)
Jacques Derrida
believed West culture is based on binary oppositions (privileged depends on inferior),
deconstruction
(culture is created and people create own meaning, no fixed truth or universal meaning)
Michel Foucault: "power is exercised, rather than possessed"
Modernism (futurism, "cutting-edge") → Postmodernism ("tradition", includes film, performance, pop culture, sculpture, and architecture)
Allen Kaprow
made art that was fleeting or large (
"happenings"
was art rooted in performance or action painting, used audience participation)
Architecture was complex and contradictory
Realism → Photorealists (ordinary individuals, low culture, pessimistic or cynical)
Latin America's
"magic realism"
combined realistic events w/ dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds
Gabriel García Márquez's
One Hundred Years of Solitude
: story of fictional town, author slips btwn fact and fantasy (fantasy and fact depend on author's pov)
Milan Kundera's
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
: blends fantasy w/ realism, examined moral issues
Music focused on variety and radical experimentatoin
Continued w/ prewar Romantic music w/ some 20th century atonality and dissonance
Serialism
: musical trend of compositional procedure in which order of succession is set specifically (no intuition or emotion, instead intellect and math);
Olivier Messiaen
was first serialist
Philip Glass's
Einstein on the Beach
: minimalist composer showed that minimalist music could be adapted to opera (classical to popular)
Experimentation w/ rock music (rock 'n' roll, blues rock)
Music promoted
"peace and love"
instead of "establishment" culture
Punk rock
rejected social conventions and preached anarchy and rebellion,
hip-hop
or rap combined rhymed lyrics w/ disco beats and turntable manipulations (some included social commentaries)
"Mass sports"
was a product of pop culture and leisure industry (became popular by satellite television and electronic breakthroughs)
World Cup
was the most watched event on television
Sometimes used nationalism as an excuse for violence or irrational behavior
Olympics was a "war without weapons" = boost nationalism and promote Communism (politics)
Prominent position in social life = intense pressures and rewards (blood doping and drug use)
Marshall McLuhan
(media critic) predicted mass communication technology would lead to shrinking of world (less culture distinction, breaking cultural barriers = single
"global village"
)