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Reproductive System, Ryan Chu, Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System, Ryan Chu, Period 5
Major Functions of the Reproductive System
Male System
Produce and Transport Sperm
Create Semen
Female System
Produce Ova
Receive male gamete
Implant zygote and give birth
Anatomy of Male Structures
Testes
Main sex organ
Surrounded by 2 tunics
Tunica vaginalis
Outerlayer derived from peritoneum
Tunica Albuginea
Inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Seminiferous Tubules
Site of sperm production
Scrotum
Sack of skin housing the testes
Hangs outside of body
lower temperature for sperm production
Prostate Gland
Secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid
Contain citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen
Plays role in sperm during ejaculation
Penis
Male copulatory organ
Root and shaft
ends in glans penis
Prepuce
loose covering glans
Bulbo-urethral glands (Cowper's gland)
Lubricate glans penis
Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
Seminal Glands
Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme, and prosta glandins
Pathway of Sperm
Seminiferous tubules to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididmysis
Epididiymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra
Anatomy of Female Structures
Ovaries
Main sex organ
Produces female gametes(ova)
Secrete sex hormones
Uterine/Fallopian Tube
Receive ovulated oocyte
Usual site of fertilization
Vagina
Functions as birth canal, passageway of menstrual cycle
Organ for copulation
Uterus
Body
Major portion of uterus
Fundus
Rounded superior region
Cervix
Narrow neck or outlet
Projects into vagina
Isthmus
Narrowed inferior region
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Male Hormones
Testosterone
Female Hormones
Estrogen
Released by ovaries
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Induce secondary sex characteristics
Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
Progesterone
Released by corpus lueteum
Promotes changes in cervical mucus
Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
Inhibits uterine motility
Helps promote breasts forluctation
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Released by pituitary gland
Stimulates follicle to grow and ovulate
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Released by pituitary gland
Spike triggers ovulation
Gonadtropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Released by hypothalamus
Triggers pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
Inhibin
Released from both male and female gonads
Exerts negative feedback on FSH release from pituitary
Events of the Female Hormone Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Days 1-14
Period of vesicular follicle growth
Several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH and stimulated to grow
FSH levels drops around the middle of phase
Primary oocyte of dominant follicles completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Luteal Phase
Days 15-28
Period of corpus luteum activity
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood
Remaining cells form corpus luteum
Secretes progesterone and some estrogen
If not pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans in 10 days
If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over
Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Phase
Days 1-5
GnRH levels begin to rise
Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen
Ovarian hormones at lowest levels
Proliferative Phase
Days 6-14
Ovulation occurs on day 14
Triggered by spike of LH
Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
Estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Secretory Phase
Days 15-28
Endometrium prepares embryo to implant
If fertilization doesn't occur:
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of phase, progesterone levels fall
Endometrial cells die and gland regress
Blood vessels fragment and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts over again
Disorders Associated With the Reproductive System
Prostate Cancer
3rd most common cause of cancer death in males
Affects 1 in 6 males
Treated with surgery and sometimes radiation
Bacterial and Parasitic Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chlamydia
Most common STI in the United States
Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection that is more common in women
Easily and inexpensively treated
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Bacteria infection transmitted sexually/congenitally
Caused by Treponema Pallidum
Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Cause of genital warts
Group of 40% or more viruses is most common STI in United States
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
Menopause
Occurs when menses have ceased for an entire year
No equivalent in males