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Reproductive System, Charleigh Ochoa P. 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - process of forming male gametes in seminiferous tubules
        
        begins at puberty ~14 years old
        
        adult makes ~90 million sperm daily
    - - larynx enlargement causes deepening of voice
      - skin thickens and becomes oily
      - bones grow, increase in density
      - skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
      - enhanced growth of hair on chest or other areas
      - boosts basal metabolic rate
      - Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
      - basis of sex drive (libido)
  - - - production of female gamete
        
        begins in fetal period
        
        Primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce
        
        Secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce
        
        Oogonia (diploid stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce
        
        Ova
      - begins during fetal period and takes years
    - - each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
        
        caused by high hormonal levels, especially FSH
        
        One from this group is "selected" each month to become dominant follicle
    - - Follicles and oocytes may take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
      - Maturation phase
        
        Phase 1
        
        gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular paracrines
        
        Phase 2
        
        antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
        
        Dominant follicle is selected
        
        Primary oocyte resumes meiosis I
      - Stages of Development
        
        primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
        
        oocyte secretes glycoprotein-rich substances that forms zona pellucida that encapsulates oocyte
        
        Secondary follicle becomes vesicular (antral) follicle
        
        Antrum: large cavity that is formed when all fluid coalesces
        
        distinguishes vesicular follicle from previous follicles
        
        Antrum continues to expand with fluid isolating oocyte
        
        isolated oocyte with its surrounding granulosa cells called corona radiata
        
        After oocyte & corona radiata are ejected, ruptured follicle transforms into glandular structure called corpus luteum
        
        Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
    - - monthly series of events associated with maturation of egg
        
        Follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
        
        several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
        
        FSH levels drop around middle of phase
        
        dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
        
        Luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
        
        after ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and sntrum fills with clotted blood
        
        remaining cells form corpus luteum
        
        secretes progesterone and some estrogen
        
        two consecutive phases, with ovulation ocurring midcycle between pahses
      - Ovulation
        
        in-between follicular and luteal phase
        
        ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
    - - has occurred when menses have ceased for an entire year
        
        declining estrogen levels
        
        atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
        
        gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
        
        hot flashes
        
        increased total blood cholesterol and falling HDL
        
        irritability and depression in some
      - no male equivalent
      - Treatment
        
        estrogen-progesterone preparations
  - - - period when reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
        
        occurs in response to rising levels of gonadal hormones
        
        secondary sex characteristics also appear
        
        earliest time reproduction is possible
- - - - lie within the scrotum
      - divided into ~250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
        
        site of sperm production
        
        sperm is conveyed from STs to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis
      - Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes
  - - - pass slowly through at rate that takes ~20 days to gain ability to swim
        
        can be stored for several months
  - - - contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
      - plays a role in sperm activation
      - enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
      - makes up 1/3 of semen volume
    - - produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
        
        lubricate glans penis
        
        neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
  - - - fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
      - comprises 70% volume of semen
  - - - hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
      - contains paired testes at 3º C lower than core body temp
        
        lower temp is necessary for sperm production
      - divided into two compartments, one for each testis
        
        each is surrounded by two tunics
        
        Tunica albuginea
        
        inner layer forms fibrous capsule
        
        Tunica vaginalis
        
        outer layer formed from peritoneum
  - - - internally, made up of spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
        
        Corpora cavernosum
        
        paired dorsal erectile bodies
        
        Corpus spongiosum
        
        surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
    - - root and shaft that ends in glans penis
      - prepuce or foreskin
        
        60% of US males are circumcised, foreskin surgically removed
    - - erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
  - - - 2-5 ml semen are ejaculated containing 20-150 million sperm/ml
- - - - secrete female sex hormones
        
        progesterone
        
        estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol)
      - produce female gametes (ova)
    - - including duct system
        
        uterine tubes
        
        uterus
        
        vagina
    - - ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
      - suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
        
        along with mesovarium, are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
    - - tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
        
        contain immature egg (oocyte) encased by one or more layers of very different cells
        
        each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte in event called ovulation
      - Primordial follicle
        
        single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
        
        first to develop in fetus
      - Secondary follicle
        
        have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
      - Vesicular (antral) follicles (tertiary follicles)
        
        have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum
        
        before ovulation primary oocyte inside vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes secondary oocyte
  - - - ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never make it to tube system
  - - - hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
        
        functions to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
      - Regions
        
        Body
        
        major portion
        
        Fundus
        
        rounded superior region
        
        Isthmus
        
        narrowed inferior region
        
        Cervix
        
        narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
        
        Cervical canal
        
        communicates with:
        
        vagina via external os
        
        uterine body via internal os
      - Uterine Wall
        
        Myometrium
        
        bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
        
        contracts rhythmically during child-birth
        
        Endometrium
        
        mucosal lining
        
        simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propia
        
        fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during development
        
        Perimetrium
        
        outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
    - - thin-walled tube 8-10cm (3-4in) in length
      - functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
      - vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
      - mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
      - External Genitalia
        
        Labia majora
        
        hair-covered, fatty skin folds
        
        counterpart of scrotum
        
        Labia minora
        
        skin folds lying within labia majora
        
        Mons pubis
        
        fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
        
        Vestibule
        
        recess within labia minora
        
        Clitoris
        
        anterior to vestibule
        
        counterpart of penis, body of clitoris has erectile tissue
        
        Perineum
        
        diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
    - - fallopian tubes or oviducts
        
        receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
        
        during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
        
        oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
        
        each tube ~10cm (4 in) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
        
        Infundibulum
        
        funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
        
        margin contains ciliated projections call fimbriae that drape over ovary
        
        usual site of fertilization
- - - - Three phases
        
        Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
        
        estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
        
        thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
        
        rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
        
        as layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
        
        ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
        
        Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
        
        endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
        
        If fertilization does not occur
        
        endometrial cells die; and glands regress
        
        blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
        
        corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
        
        phase that is most consistent in duration
        
        Days 1-5: menstrual phase
        
        gonadotropin levels begin to rise
        
        stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
        
        menstrual flow of blood and tissue lasts 3-5 days
        
        Ovarian hormones at lowest
        
        By day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
  - - - support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
      - Induce secondary sex charcateristics
        
        growth of breasts
        
        increased deposits of subcutaneous fats
        
        widening and lightening of pelvis
      - exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
      - Estrogen also has metabolic effects
        
        maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
        
        facilitates calcium uptake
      - promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
    - - works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
        
        promotes changes in cervical mucus
        
        effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
        
        inhibits uterine motility
        
        helps prepare breasts for lactation
- - - - painless, solid mass in testis
    - - 90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
  - - - Prostate Cancer
        
        Third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in US
        
        Digital exam screening, PSA levels can be checked by having high rate of false positives
        
        Treated with surgery and sometimes radiation
        
        Metastatic prostate cancer treated with drugs that block testosterone synthesis or action
  - - - Most common between ages 30 and 50
      - Risks
        
        frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies
      - Treatment
        
        Gardasil:three-dose vaccine; protects against HPV
        
        recommended for 11 and 12 year old girls
        
        Papanicolau (Pap) smear
        
        for detection:
        
        recommended every 3 years for ages 21-30
        
        every 5 years for ages 30-65, but include HPV testing
        
        Discontinue at 65, after hysterectomy, or with sexual activity
  - - - early onset of menstruation and late menopause
      - no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
      - no or short periods of breast feeding
      - family history of breast cancer
      - 10% due to hereditary defects, including mutations to genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
        
        Greater risk of ovarian cancer as well
        
        50% to 80% of women with these genes develop breast cancer
      - 70% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors
    - - Early detection via self-examination and mammography, a type of x-ray examination
        
        Recommended screening every year fro age 40+
    - - Depends upon characteristics of lesion
        
        radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery followed by radiation or chemotherapy
        
        drugs for estrogen-responsive cancers
      - Lumpectomy: less invasive and excises cancerous lump
  - - - parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
      - easily and inexpensively treated
      - Symptoms
        
        70% of women have no symptoms
        
        30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
    - - Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
      - most infections are asymptomatic
      - Symptoms
        
        Females
        
        abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding, and possible urethral symptoms
        
        untreated can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility
        
        Males
        
        urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus. from penis
        
        untreated can cause urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
      - Treatment
        
        antibiotics, two antibiotic treatments required
    - - most common bacterial STI in US
        
        can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
        
        responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of PID
        
        Symptoms
        
        urethritis
        
        painful intercourse
        
        irregular menses
        
        abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain
        
        penile and vaginal discharges
        
        Treatment
        
        Antibiotics
        
        can lead to sterility
    - - bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
        
        infected fetuses can be stillborn or dies shortly after birth
      - Infection is asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
        
        disappears within a few weeks
      - If untreated, secondary signs appear weeks later
        
        Pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain can develop
        
        appear for 3-12 weeks, then disappear
      - Can enter latent period, which may or may not progress to tertiary syphilis
      - Treatment
        
        Penicillin
  - - - group of ~40 or more viruses is most common in US
      - over 50% of adults are infected during lifetime
      - cause of genital warts
      - can cause multiple cancers
      - Vaccination can guard against most common cancer-causing strains
        
        recommended for boys and girls before becoming sexually active
    - - One of most difficult human pathogens to control because most do not know they are infected
      - only 15% display signs of infection
      - Characterized by latent periods and flare ups with vesicle formation
      - Treatment
        
        antiviral drugs can reduce duration and intensity of flare-ups
- - - - prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
      - has multiple anabolic effects throughout body