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Reproductive System : - Coggle Diagram

- - - - testosterone:male sex hormone produced in testicles
    - - estrogen: helps develop and maintain female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
      - progesterone: works w/ estrogen to establish & regulate uterine cycle
- - - - tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
      - tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum
- - - - FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
      - several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH
      - primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte & first polar body
      - period of vesicular follicle growth
      - estrogen levels rise
      - LH levels spike at end of this phase, which causes ovulation
    - - period of corpus luteum activity
      - ruptured follicle collapses & antrum fills w/ clotted blood
      - no pregnancy= corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans in 10 days
      - pregnancy= corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over, @ about 3 months
      - shortly after ovulation, estrogen levels drop
      - LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone & some estrogen almost immediately
    - - each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated (release of an egg)
      - ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte w/ its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
      - 1-2% of ovulations release more than 1 secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
  - - - gonadotropin levels begin to rise
      - stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall & is shed
      - menstrual flow of blood & tissue lasts 3-5 days
      - ovarian follicles styart to produce more estrogen
    - - estrogen levels rise, which triggers generation of new stratum functionalis layer
      - estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
      - thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
      - ovulation occurs at the end of this phase
    - - most consistent phase in duration
      - endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
      - when no fertilization occurs...
        
        corpus luteum degenerates
        
        progesterone levels drop
        
        endometrial cells die & glands regress
        
        functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle repeats again on first day of menstruation
    - - has occurred when menses have ceased for an entire year
      - declining estrogen causes hot flashes, irritability & depression (in some), atrophy of reproductive organs & breasts, increased blood cholestrol levels & falling HDL
      - treatment: estrogen-progesterone preparations, but they may increase risk of heart disease, invasive breast cancer, & stroke; dimensia risk is also doubled