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The Reproductive System Serene Hernandez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
The Reproductive System Serene Hernandez
Period 1
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
2.
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
3.
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
1.
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes:
Sperm
– gametes in males
Ova
(eggs) – gametes in females
4.
Support development of fetus and birth of baby
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Accessory glands:
Prostate:
is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis
Bulbo-urethral gland:
a pair of pea shaped exocrine glands located posterolateral to the membranous urethra
Seminal gland (vesicle):
pair of contorted or twisted tubes, which are located between the bladder and the rectum
Ducts:
Vas deferens:
transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts
Urethra:
connects the to the ductus deferens in males, for the ejaculation of sperm
Ejaculatory duct:
delivers sperm into the urethra, adding secretions and additives from the prostate necessary for sperm function
Epididymis:
transport sperm from the testes to the vas deferens
Penis:
Corpus spongiosum:
column of spongy tissue that runs through the shaft and head of the penis
Corpus cavernosum:
is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection
Glans penis:
can be described as the rounded head (or tip) of the penis
Prepuce (foreskin):
The fold of skin that covers the head of the penis
External urethral orifice:
urine comes out of here
Scrotum:
The bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles
Testis:
are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for producing sperm
Disorders associated withthe reproductive system (including STI’s)
Testicular cancer:
Symptoms include a lump in either testicle and a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.Treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy
Prostate cancer:
Symptoms include difficulty with urination, but sometimes there are no symptoms at all. Some types of prostate cancer grow slowly
Cervical cancer:
A malignant tumour of the lower part of the uterus that can be prevented by PAP smear screening and a HPV vaccine. There may be no symptoms
Breast Cancer:
Breast cancer can occur in women and rarely in men. Symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, bloody discharge from the nipple and changes in the shape or texture of the nipple or breast
HIV/AIDS:
The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids.
Within a few weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat and fatigue can occur. No cure exists for AIDS
Chlamydia:
Chlamydia is most common in young women. Many who have chlamydia don't develop symptoms, but they can still infect others through sexual contact. Symptoms may include genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis
Trichomoniasis:
Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and not using condoms during sex.
Trichomoniasis causes bad vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination in women
Gonorrhea:
Symptoms include painful urination and abnormal discharge from the penis or vagina. Men may experience testicular pain and women may experience pain in the lower stomach
Syphilis:
The first stage involves a painless sore on the genitals, rectum or mouth. The second stage is characterized by a rash.The final stage can result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes or heart
Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
Many people with HPV don't develop any symptoms but can still infect others through sexual contact. Symptoms may include warts on the genitals or surrounding skin. There's no cure for the virus and warts may go away on their own
Genital Herpes
:Caused by the herpes simplex virus, the disease can affect both men and women.
Pain, itching and small sores appear first. They form ulcers and scabs
Hormones of the reproductive system
Female
Progesterone
: helps to regulate menstrual cycle. But its main job is to get uterus ready for pregnancy. After ovulation each month, progesterone helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg
Estrogen
: is responsible for the sexual development of girls when they reach puberty, controls the growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and at the beginning of a pregnancy
Male
Testosterone
: affects a man's appearance and sexual development. It stimulates sperm production as well as a man's sex drive
Both
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
:essential to development and function of women's ovaries and men's testes. In women this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
: responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
: plays an important role in sexual development and functioning. In women LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
Inhibin
: hormone secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women that acts primarily to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Uterine tube
Infundibulum:
The infundibulum catches and channels the released eggs; it is the wide portion of each fallopian tube
Fimbriae:
a fringe of tissue around the ostium of the Fallopian tube
External genitalia
Mons pubis:
fatty tissue located above the pubic bone
Clitoris:
has erectile tissue, which becomes engorged with increased blood flow
Greater vestibular gland:
supply a mucus for the lubrication of the entrance to the vagina
External urethral orifice:
urine comes out through here
Labium minus:
a pair of rounded folds of skin and adipose that are part of the external female genitalia
Labium majus:
are a pair of rounded folds of skin and adipose that are part of the external female genitalia
Uterus
Perimetrium:
is the outer serosal layer of the uterus
Cervix:
is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system
Vagina
Posterior fornix:
is the larger recess, behind the cervix. It is close to the recto-uterine pouch
Anterior fornix:
one of the anterior recess into which the upper vagina is divided
Lumen:
A organ cavity that is part of a vagina
Ovary:
an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with the maturation of egg
Consists of two phases, with ovulation occurring in between phases
Follicular phase:
(days 1–14). During follicular phase, several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow. Dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on, primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
Ovulation:
In-between Follicular and Luteal phase. Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Luteal phase:
(days 14–28). After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood. If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates in
10 days. If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until
placenta takes over
Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
Days 1–5 menstrual phase:
Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels, gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise & stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
Days 6–14 proliferative (preovulatory) phase:
Rising estrogen levels promote generation of new stratum functionalis layer, estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium & ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Days 15–28 secretory (postovulatory) phase:
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
If fertilization does not occur:
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone
levels fall, endometrial cells die, and glands regress, blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and
uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation