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MaldonadoJuanReproductive - Coggle Diagram
MaldonadoJuanReproductive
Major Functions of Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen
Discharge semen into female reproductive tract
Produce and secrete testosterone via the testes
Female Reproductive System
Produce gametes called eggs or oocytes (immature egg cell)
Provide a site for fertilization via the fallopian tubes
gestating a fetus, should feralization occur
Giving birth to and breastfeeding a baby
Produce and secrete progesterone and estrogen via the ovaries, and FSH and LH via the pituitary glands
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
External Male Structures
Penis: male erectile organ of copulation by which urine and semen are discharged from the body
The Root: part of the penis that attaches to the wall of your abdomen.
The Body/Shaft: As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sex. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic, allowing for changes in penis size during an erection.
The Glans: head of the penis and is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision.
Scrotum: Loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis.
Holds the testes, nerves, and blood vessels
Protects testes and keeps them cooler than body temperature to ensure sperm production/survival
Testicle(s) or Testes: oval organs about the size of very large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord.
Responsible for producing and secreting testosterone (male sex hormone)
Seminiferous Tubules in the testes make sperm in a process called spermatogenesis
Epididymis: a long coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle:
Carries and stores sperm cells created by testes
Responsible for maturing the sperm for fertilization
Internal Male Structures
Vas Deferens
long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
Ejaculatory Ducts
ducts are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts empty into urethra
Seminal Vesicles
sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder
make a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ ability to move (motility)
Fluid of seminal vesicles makes up most of volume of ejaculatory fluid
Urethra
the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body
expelling (ejaculating) semen when you reach orgasm
When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
Prostate Gland
walnut-sized structure that’s located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum
Contributes additional fluid to ejaculate (prostate fluids) that help nourish sperm
urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland
Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper's Gland)
pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra, just below the prostate gland
produces a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra; lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidity by urine
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
External Female Structures
Labia Majora
enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs
During puberty, hair growth occurs on the skin of the labia majora, which also contain sweat and oil-secreting glands
Labia Minora
lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body)
Bartholin's Glands
located next to the vaginal opening on each side and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion
Clitoris
two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males
covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis
Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
Internal Female Structures
Vagina
a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal
Uterus (womb)
hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus
uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus
The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A canal through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
Ovaries
small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus.
Produce eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and porgesterone)
Fallopian Tubes
narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants to the uterine lining.
Hormones of The Reproductive System
Male Sex Hormones
Testes
Testosterone
regulate sex drive (libido)
Determines bone mass
Determines fat distribution
Determines muscle mass and strength
production of red blood cells and sperm
Pituitary Gland
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
causes the testicles to make testosterone, which is important for producing sperm.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of an androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells, which are a component of the testicular tubule necessary for sustaining the maturing sperm cell
Female Sex Hormones
Ovaries
Progesterone
Prepares uterus for pregancy
helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg
If there is no fertilized egg, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins.
Estrogen
helps develop and maintain both the reproductive system and female characteristics, such as breasts and pubic hair
Helps stimulate growth of egg follicle
maintains the thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication.
enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus secretions.
body uses estrogen in the formation of breast tissue. This hormone also helps stop the flow of milk after weaning.
Hypothalamus
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
released into small blood vessels that carry the hormone to the pituitary gland. As a consequence, the pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormones.
In childhood, GnRH levels are low. As puberty begins, GnRH levels start to rise
cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone.
Pituitary Gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries
FSH levels in women change throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
helps control the menstrual cycle
triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
Events of Female Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation
the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina
Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrial cells) and mucus
average length of a period is between three days and one week
Follicular Phase
starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation
Prompted by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles (tiny nodules or cysts)
Each follicle houses an immature egg. Usually, only one follicle will mature into an egg, while the others die
can occur around day 10 of a 28-day cycle; growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy
Ovulation
the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts
During the follicular phase, the developing follicle causes a rise in the level of estrogen. The hypothalamus in the brain recognizes these rising levels and releases GnRH
prompts the pituitary gland to produce raised levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH.
Within two days, ovulation is triggered by the high levels of LH. The egg is funneled into the fallopian tube and toward the uterus by waves of small, hair-like projections
life span of the typical egg is only around 24 hours, unless it meets a sperm
Luteal Phase
During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary
For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus luteum, which releases progesterone and estrogen
combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting for a fertilized egg to stick
If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus, it produces the hormones that are necessary to maintain the corpus luteum
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, usually around day 22 in a 28-day cycle
drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of the uterus to fall away. This is known as menstruation
Disorders with the Reproductive System
Bacterial and Parasitic STIs
Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI in US
25-50% of PTD cases are caused by chlamydia
Symptoms: Urethritis; penile and vaginal discharge, abdominal/rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Asymptomatic in 80-90% of cases
Treatable with antibiotics
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
Cheaply and easily treated
Symptoms: 70% of women are asymptomatic, while 30% have yellow/green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tract
Caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Mostly asymptomatic
Treatable with at least 2 antibiotics
Syphilis
Bacterial infection STI
Caused by Treponema Pallidum
Invades mucosae or broken skin
Asymptomatic for 2 weeks until a painless cyst appears
If untreated, secondary signs may appear
Can evolve into tertiary syphilis
Treatable with penicillin
Viral STIs
Human Poliomavirus (HPV)
the most common sexually transmitted infection. HPV is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts.
Many people with HPV don't develop any symptoms but can still infect others through sexual contact.
Symptoms may include warts on the genitals or surrounding skin.
No cure, but treatment includes removing warts
Genital Herpes
common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.
Caused by the herpes simplex virus, the disease can affect both men and women
Pain, itching, and small sores appear first. They form ulcers and scabs. After initial infection, genital herpes lies dormant in the body. Symptoms can recur for years.