Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reproductive System, Emily Cronin, P.1, Main Topics In Rectangle Regular…

- - - - 3, Fertilization: Combine genetic information contained within gametes (Zygote: fusion of egg & sperm)
      - 4, Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
      - 2, Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse (copulation)
      - 1, Form Gametes: specialized cells for sexual reproduction (Male=sperm, Woman=ova/egg)
      - Primary sex organs (gonads):
        testes (male) and ovaries (female)
        product two products:
        
        1.Gametes: sperm (male) and ova (females)
        
        2.Sex hormones (steroid hormones): Testosterone (males) and estrogens and progesterone (females)
        
        Accessory reproductive organs: ducts, glands, and external genitalia
- - - - Scrotum: sac of skin and superficial fascia
        
        Testes: sperm-producing male glands that lie within the scortum
        
        System of ducts
        
        Epididymis- a place where sperm mature (During ejaculation, epididymis contracts the sperm into ductus deferens)
        
        Accessory sex glands
        
        prostate: Encircles urethra inferior to bladder and consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation (secretes milky, slightly acid fluid)
        
        1 more item...
        
        bulbo-urethral glands: Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
        
        1 more item...
        
        seminal glands: Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation and produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
        
        1 more item...
        
        urethra- Conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
        
        ductus deferens- Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
        
        Smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis to urethra
        
        ejaculatory duct- when ductus deferens joins duct of the seminal vesicle to ejaculatory duct
        
        Tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum
        
        Tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
        
        Sperm is conveyed from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule →rete testis →efferent ductules→epididymis
  - - - Spermatogenesis: Summary of Events in the Seminiferous Tubules
        
        Midpiece: metabolic region containing mitochondria that produce ATP to move the tail
        
        Ch.27a Notes
        
        Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone Activity
        
        Testosterone, synthesized from cholesterol, is transformed at some target cells
        
        Deficiency leads to atrophy of accessory organs, semen volume declines, and erection/ejaculation are impaired; treatment: testosterone replacement
        
        1 more item...
        
        Tail: locomotor region that includes flagellum
        
        Head: genetic region that includes nucleus and helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate the egg
- - - - Ovaries: female gonads
        
        Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity
        
        Ovaries: paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped and about twice as large
        
        Ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
        
        Suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
        
        Suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
        
        Ovarian follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
        
        2 more items...
        
        Duct system:
        
        Uterine Tubes or fallopian tubes or oviducts: receive ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization (extends from the area of the ovary to superior region of the uterus)
        
        Regions of uterine tube
        
        Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
        
        1 more item...
        
        Is site where fertilization usually occurs
        
        1 more item...
        
        Uterus: Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
        
        Function: receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
        
        Regions of uterus
        
        6 more items...
        
        Vagina or birth canal: Thin-walled tube 8–10 cm
        
        Function: passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
        
        external genitalia or vulva or pudendum: external sex organs
        
        Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
        
        Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
        
        Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
        
        Vestibule: recess within labia minora
        
        Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
        
        Perineum- Diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
  - - - Oogenesis: production of female gamete
        
        Begins in fetal period:
        
        Primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce:
        
        Secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce:
        
        Ova
        
        Relationship Between Oocytes and Follicles
        
        Ovarian follicle: functional unit of ovary that encloses a single oocyte surrounded by:
        Follicles go through stages of development
        
        Vesicular (antral) follicles: (tertiary follicles) have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum
        
        Secondary follicles: have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
        
        Ovulation: Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated (release of egg)
        
        Primordial follicle: single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
        
        Oogonia(diploid stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce:
    - - Maturation processes occurs in two phases:
        
        Phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular paracrine
        
        Phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
        
        A primordial follicle becomes the primary follicle
        
        Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle:
        
        Secondary follicle becomes vesicular (antral) follicle
    - - Uterine (menstrual) cycle: cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
        
        Days 1–5: menstrual phase
        
        Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
        
        Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
      - Ovarian cycle: monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
        
        Follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days1–14)
        
        ovulation occurring midcycle between phases
        
        Luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days14–28)
    - - Estrogens:
        
        Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
        
        Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
        
        Induce secondary sex characteristics
        
        Estrogen also has metabolic effects:
        
        Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
        
        Facilitates calcium uptake
        
        Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
      - Progesterone's:
        
        Promotes changes in cervical mucus
        
        Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
        
        Inhibits uterine motility
        
        Helps prepare breasts for lactation
  - - - Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
- - - - Corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels start to fall
      - Causes a sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which in turn ends blockage of FSH and LH secretion, causing cycle to start all over again
- - - - Prostate cancer: Third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in U.S.
        Treatment: surgery, sometimes radiation and drugs that block testosterone synthesis or action
        
        Prostatitis: common reason for man to consult urologist –covered in Related Clinical Terms
  - - - Cervical cancer affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half Risks: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies
        
        Trichomoniasis: Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
        Symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
  - - - Gonorrhea: Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts In males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis (penile “drip”)
        In females, symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
        Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
        
        Syphilis: Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
        Infection is asymptomatic for 2–3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
        Treatment: penicillin
        
        Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
        
        Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
        
        Group of ~40 or more viruses is most common STI in United States
        Cause of genital warts
        Vaccination can guard against most common cancer-causing strains
        
        Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
        
        One of most difficult human pathogens to control because most do not know they are infected
        Caused by herpes simplex virus
        Characterized by latent periods and flare-ups with vesicle formation
        Can be passed on to fetus
        Treatment: antiviral drugs can reduce duration and intensity of flare-ups
- - - - gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
        
        Inhibin: released from gonads of both male and female
- - - - Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
      - Irritability and depression in some
      - Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
      - Hot flashes as skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
      - Increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL