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ISOMERISM - Coggle Diagram
ISOMERISM
It's described as a property of a molecule with the same molecular formula but a diferent spacial or structural arrangement of the atoms.
This can lead to different chemical or physical properties.
There are different clasifications:
Constitutional Isomers
They are characterized by the different possitions in which its atoms are connected.
Chain Isomers
The molecules of the carbon skeleton are different.
Positional Isomers
This type of isomers have the same molecular formula but the position of the atoms of the functional group changes.
Functional Isomers
They have the same molecular formula and functional groups but its organization in the molecule differs.
Stereoisomers
In this type of isomerism, the molecules have different spacial orientations, despite being linked in the same way.
Enantiomers
They are non-imposable mirror images of the same molecule differing by the position of substituents.
R-S
There are 2 steps to identify the configuration of chiral center present in enantiomers
Step 2.
If the substituent with the fourth priority it's bonded with a choppy bond, the arrow should go from the substituent with the first priority to the substituent with the second priority.
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If the substituent with the fourth priority it's
not
bonded with a choppy bond to the chiral center, it has to be changed with the substituent that is in fact linked with it.
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Step 1.
Indentify and clasify according to its atomic number the atoms bonded with the chiral center in descendant order.
If two molecules have the same atoms it is necesary to recognize which atoms have a higher atomic number in order to clasify it correctly.
This describes all enantiomers and this property is called
chirality
.
Diastereomers
This type of stereoisomers don't have specular images of a same molecule and therefore they are not enantiomers.
There are two chiral centers in which t
he secuence rule of two steps
followed for
enantiomers
also works for diastereomers.
The only difference is that for each chiral center there needs to be a different configuration.
Geometric isomers
Cis-trans
This type of isomerism is present in cycloalkanes and alkenes with two substituents.
Cis configuration
occurs when both of the substituents are in the same side of the cycle.
Trans configuration
occurs when the 2 substituents are in different sides of the cycle for cycloalkanes or in different vinyl carbons for alkenes.
E-Z
This type of isomerism is part of alkenes with three or four substituents.
The rule of secuence consists in 3 cases:
1st Case:
Clasify in descendant order the atoms bonded with vinylic carbons considering its atomic number.
2nd Case:
Clasify the atoms bonded individually in each molecule if the atoms linked with the vinylic carbons are the same according to their atomic number.
3rd Case:
Consider equivalent a multiple bond of a substituent to an atom with the same number of atoms bonded simply.
E configuration
represents when substituents are in the same side and
Z configuration
represents substituents in different sides of the alkene.
