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7 Hearing loss and Visual impairment, Delayed emotion recognition/producti…
7 Hearing loss and Visual impairment
INTRODUCTION TO DEAFNESS
Prevalence
34 million children worldwide, 1-2 infants per 1000 have permanent hearing loss, 1 in 100 infants in intensive care, 1/3rd deaf children have 1 more disability, 90% deaf kids have hearing parents
Diagnosis of deafness
Newborn hearing screening (automated otoacoustic emission signal), audiogram (volume & pitch/frequency), hearing loss is mild, moderate, severe or profound
Modes of communication for deaf individuals
Spoken language, learn sign language, sign supported english, cued speech, total communication method
BSL is not english on the hands - own grammar, vocab and phonology, different sign languages over the world, infant directed sign language
Brain activation for sign language
Similar to spoken language - language production (inferior frontal gyrus/brocas area), comprehension (inferior frontal gyrus & left superior temporal gyrus and sulcus).
Language deprivation
Sign language babbling, 90% have hearing parents, sensitive period, severe child neglect cases (missed the window)
Study shows hearing/learning a spoken/sign language early on improves capacity to learn a language in adulthood (processing of english) - this can help prevent language deprivation
But they also found that those who did not experience a spoken/sign language during early years (language deprivation) had poorer processing of english in adulthood - so they can't learn a language that well in adulthood if they didn't have any early experience
Hearing parents + deaf children
Difficult interactions, switch visual attention, develop communication strategies, lead the conversation, general support
Causes
Genetics, complications at birth, infectious diseases, drugs, excessive noise, ageing
IMPACT OF DEAFNESS ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Spoken language with cochlear implant
Cochlear implant is a sound processor - eligible for severe-profound hearing loss, recommended for both ears
Study shows that majority of children with implants are below average levels in expressive language & receptive language, but some are above
Age of implantation is imp - outcome for language is better for those implanted before 2 years - but only 10-15% children are given implants between 1 and 2 years
Emotional understanding
Study looked at recognition and processing of emotions in deaf kids - found delays in emotional recognition & understanding, and delay of emotion processing was consistent w/ language delay
There's a delay bc you learn about emotions by talking about emotions with others - deaf kids don't have many opportunities to talk about emotions
Theory of mind
Learning about the mind also happens via communication - mothers use mental state talk, more factual and simpler communication
Study found 4-6 year old deaf kids didn't pass ToM task, 70% of 7-9 year olds did though - delayed
Positive correlation between maternal mental state talk & ToM - signing proficiency also influenced ToM
Another study found deaf kids delayed in ability to reason about false beliefs
INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Severe visual impairment
Occurs during prenatal, perinatal or postnatal stages
Major causes
= ROP, vitamin A deficiency, but theres high variability in how much visual impairment there is
Skills acquired via vision
= pointing, grasping, crawling/walking, tactile presentation, object recognition, imitation, imagination
Prevalence
285 million worldwide visually impaired, 39 million blind, 1.4 million children blind, 1 in every 10,000 children born severely visually impaired, can occur pre- peri- or post- natal development
Two case studies
Young baby who was developing successfully despite visual impairment & old boy who didn't develop well - shows how varied outcomes can be (depends on co-occurring issues)
IMPACT OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT DUE TO VI
Cognitive development
Don't explore environment as much, low awareness of environment, this will have lots of knock-on effects (self-originating social deprivation)
Motor development
Delayed in all aspects of mobility e.g., crawling, standing, walking etc.
Reaching for objects
Piaget - "the little scientist", can't learn about environment if you don't explore it/experiment on it vision is an integrative sense, object permanence is more difficult
Atypical behaviours
Stereotyped or repetitive behaviours - rocking, repetitive hand movements etc.
Perceptual compensation
Efficiently use auditory info, tactile info, olfactory sensitivity
Short-term memory
Brain development
= occipital cortex involved in language tasks or mathematical tasks
Better short term memory - superior digit span score (forwards and backwards), words, tones and superior verbatim text recall
IQ
Visual impaired CHILDREN poorer on comprehension subtest & similarities subtest (but not VI ADOLESCENTS) - so it may be delayed?
Language
Early language
Communication w/ blind child is hard - reduced shared experience, don't make non-verbal requests before onset of language (social-communication skills), language learning improves communication
Further language
first word onset is normal, but they describe what they do, echolalia, pronoun reversal, excessive use of questions
Language development
VI kids have strength in structural language, lower social communicative outcomes, weakness in pragmatics, cues aren't available to VI kids
Social development
Reduced creative symbolic play, not share the visual world with others, at risk of showing behaviours of autism - all those other behaviours & makes it harder for them to have friends/social relationships
Reaching criteria for ASD
48% VI kids each diagnosis for ASD - esp higher risk for ROP kids, and congenital blindness kids
Emotions
Emotional understanding
Understand cause of emotions, have superior emotion word vocab, impaired on vocal emotion,
Emotion production
Need congenital parental imitation, social biofeedback helps understand others & learn about own emotions
Theory of mind
Less joint attention, VI kids understand cause & effect of emotions, poor on false-belief tasks, poor on mapping facial expressions (the last two are correlated - all depends on vision)
Need congenital parental imitation, social biofeedback helps understand others & learn about own emotions
Delayed emotion recognition/production & unimpaired/intact emotion understanding