Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Isomerism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Due to the structure of cycloalkanes and alkenes, they have an upper and a lower face, therefore, geometric isomerism is possible in cycloalkanes and di-substituted alkenes, these isomers can have markedly different physical and chemical properties.
        
        E-Z
        
        Tri- or tetrasubstituted alkenes present geometric E-Z isomerism and not Cis - trans
        
        Identification of E-Z isomers
        
        Sequence rule
        
        If they are on the same side, Z configuration is assigned
        
        The highest priority substituents are identified.
        
        Substituents are prioritized.
        
        If they are on opposite sides, E configuration is assigned
        
        Cases
        
        Case 2: If the atoms attached directly to the vinyl carbons are identical, the atoms that are attached to these atoms are classified in descending order, according to their atomic number.
        
        Case 3: If a substituent has a multiple bond, it is considered equivalent to another substituent in which the atom with the multiple bond is linked to the same number of atoms by single bonds.
        
        Case 1: Each vinyl carbon must be considered separately, identify the atoms directly attached to them and they are classified in descending order, according to their atomic number.
        
        Cis - Trans
        
        Cis isomer: The two substituents are on the same side of the double bond or the ring.
        
        trans isomer: The two substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond.
    - - They are characterized because one is the mirror image of the other without being superimposable. In these cases their physical and chemical properties do not differ significantly.
        
        As indicated the configuration of a chiral center
        
        Step 1: The atoms directly attached to the chiral center are identified and classified in descending order, according to their atomic number, if these atoms are identical, the atoms that are attached to them are classified in descending order, according to their number atomic.
        
        Step 2: If the substituent with priority 4 is linked to the chiral center the link is broken, and an arrow is drawn from the substituent with priority 1 to the substituent with priority 2. If the arrow is directed clockwise , the configuration of the chiral center is R. Otherwise the configuration is S.
    - - They are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers, that is, they are not mirror images.
        
        Configuration of the chiral centers of a diastereoisomer
        
        Configuration of the chiral centers of a diastereoisomer
        
        If the priority 4 substituent is linked to the chiral center via the broken link, an arrow is drawn from the priority 1 substituent to the priority 2 substituent, if it is directed counterclockwise, the chiral center configuration is S.
        
        If the substituent with priority 2 is not linked to the chiral center by the intermittent bond, the substituent is exchanged through the interconnected bond with the substituent with priority 4 and an arrow is drawn from the substituent with priority 1 to the substituent with priority 2, if it is directed counterclockwise, the configuration of the chiral center is S and when the substituents are exchanged again, the original configuration of the chiral center is R.