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REPORTED SPEECH - Coggle Diagram
REPORTED SPEECH
changes necessary when turning direct speech into indirect
Tomorrow › the next/following day
Ago › before
This, these › it, they, them
Now › then/at that moment
This, that › the
Yesterday › the day before
Tense changes when backshifting
Present simple › past simple
Present continuous › past continuous
Present perfect › past perfect
Am/is/are going to › was/were going to
Past simple › past perfect
backshifting
-going one step back in time
Why? -because the situation described is in the past when we are reporting it.
That's why we use "said", "told" or "asked"
"I don't want to die", said Joe. Joe said that he didn't want to die.
It is optional in some situations.
-permanent / habitual situations, still existing or
relevant situations
"I like swimming", said Mike.
Mike said that he likes/liked swimming.
When never to backshift?
When the reporting verb is in any of the present tenses.
Modal verbs changes when backshifting
Can › could
Will › would
May › might
Must › must, had to
Reporting yes-no questions
Are you dumb?- She asked if I was dumb.
If is more common than whether and is a formal choice.
Reported yes-no questions, alternative questions-introduced by ‘whether’ or
‘if’
Reporting wh-questions
Wh-questions are reported as wh-clauses
How are you? He asked me how I was.
Reporting commands and advice
Go! The coach told/ordered me to go.
We use the infinitive form.
We use it to tell what someone else has said
Two types: direct and indirect speech
indirect- Karlo said that he had driven the car the day before.
The original speaker’s words are changed.
direct- "I drove the car yesterday", said Karlo.
The exact words that the person used are repeated.
The verb "said"
The verb "said" is called a reporting verb.