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Emily Saldivar-P.1 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Emily Saldivar-P.1 Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproductive System
Both function in reproducing the body + have complementary functions
Male- to produce sperm + deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Female- to produce eggs that can be fertilized + grow and nourish the growing fetus from conception through afterbirth
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract
Testes- male gonads that hang below the penis and are the site of sperm production + testosterone
Scrotum- sac of skin that holds the testes and keeps the testes at optimal temperature
Male Duct System
Epididymis- where sperm matures & waits to be ejaculated
Vas Deferens- where sperm travel from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory Duct- where sperm connect to the urethra from the vas deferens
Urethra- passageway for semen & urine out of the body
Penis- male copulatory organ which delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract; filled with erectile tissue to allow penetration into the female
Male Accessory Glands
Seminal Vesicles- produces alkaline semen containing fructose, citric acid & coagulating enzyme; makes up 70% of semen volume
Prostate- secretes milky, slightly acid fluid for sperm
Semen- milky-white mixture containing sperm + accessory gland secretions & contains fructose for ATP production & activates sperm
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Tract
Ovaries- female gonads that flank the uterus and produce eggs and the hormone estrogen
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)- the sight of fertilization + is connected to uterus
Infundibulum- funnel shaped opening into peritoneal cavity
Fimbriae- ciliated projections that drape over the ovary
Uterus- thick, hollow organ that houses the endometrium and develops a growing fetus
Body- major portion
Fundus- rounded superior region
Isthmus- narrowed inferior region
Cervix- narrow neck + projects into vagina
Uterine wall layers
Perimetrium- outermost serous layer
Myometrium- bulky layer of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth
Endometrium- mucosal lining + layer that thickens and sheds during menstruation
Vagina- birth canal, passage for menstrual flow and organ of copulation
Mammary Glands- present in males and females but only function in females; produces milk to nourish newborn baby
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- gonadotropin released from anterior pituitary that targets gonads; helps control menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation in women
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- released by hypothalamus + targets anterior pituitary
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- plays role in sexual development + stimulates egg growth in ovaries of female
Male Hormone
Testosterone- produced by males and helps develop reproductive organs + sexual behavior and sexual drive
Female Hormones
Estrogen- produced by females to help develop reproductive organs + sexual drive & behavior; maintains menstrual cycle and aids in pregnancy
Progesterone- produced by the corpus luteum & maintains endometrium lining
Inhibin- released from both gonads & exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus + anterior pituitary
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase- multiple follicles become stimulated to grow by FSH + one dominant follicle grows the most; FSH levels drop mid phase and primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte & first polar body
Ovulation- occurs on dat 14; ovary wall ruptures & expels secondary oocyte with corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Luteal Phase- if unfertilized the follicle collapses & endometrium thickens with blood; remaining cells make the corpus luteum, which eventually degenerates into corpus albicans; endometrium then begins to erode and follicular phase starts again
Uterine (Menstrual Cycle)
Menstrual Phase- days 1-5; ovarian hormones are at the lowest & stratum functionalis detaches from the uterine wall and menstruation occurs until around day 5
Proliferative Phase- occurs days 6-14 & rising estrogen levels create new stratum functionalis + endometrium layer thickens; estrogen increases progesterone synthesis receptors in the endometrium; ovulation occurs on day 14
Secretory Phase- day 14-28; endometrium prepares embryo to implant; if no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates + progesterone falls; menstrual cycle begins again
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Male Disorders
Testicular Cancer- most common cancer in men age 15-35; most common sign is painless, solid mass in testes
Prostatitis- usually prostate cancer and is 3rd most common cause of cancer death among males
Female Disorders
Breast Cancer- when epithelial cells in the smallest ducts metastasize; risk factors include genetics, but most have no known risk factors
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)- hormonal disorder which causes cysts to grow on the ovaries and can cause irregular menstruation, obesity and acne
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Bacterial + Parasitic STDs
Chlamydia- most common bacterial STI; symptoms include penile/vaginal discharges, rectal/abdominal/testicular pain, painful intercourse, & irregular periods
Trichomoniasis- parasitic infection that is more common in women and treated inexpensively
Gonorrhea- infection of the. mucosae of the reproductive + urinary tracts; males can have painful urination & discharge; females can have abdominal discomfort, discharge or abnormal bleeding
Syphilis- infection transmitted sexually or congenitally; infection is asymptomatic then can turn into a rash if not treated correctly
Viral STDs
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- cause of genital warts + can cause cervical cancer
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- cripples immune system and is transmitted through bodily fluids, sexual intercourse and blood
Genital Herpes- most infected people don't know they're infected and is characterized by flare-ups and cold sores