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Palampur - Coggle Diagram

- - - - motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks
    - - • Bullock carts, Tongas, bogeys,
  - - - Have land majority
    - - One-third of the whole population of the vilage
- - - - The main reason is due to the well-developed system of irrigation. Electricity came early to Palampur. Its major impact was to transform the system of irrigation. Persian wheels were, till then, used by farmers to draw water from the wells and irrigate small fields
      - To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. All farmers in Palampur grow atleast two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.
      - The other way is to use modern farming methods for higher yield. Yield is measured ascrop produced on a given piece of land during a single season.
      - The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier. HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results.
      - Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc.
      - Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the modern farming method in India. The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation, and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides in farming. Some of them bought farm machinery, like tractors and threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster. They were rewarded with high yields of wheat.
      - In Palampur, the yield of wheat grown from the traditional varieties was 1300 kg per hectare. With HYV seeds, the yield went up to 3200 kg per hectare. There was a large increase in the production of wheat. Farmers now had greater amounts of surplus wheat to sell in the markets.
  - - - Land area under cultivation is practically fixed
      - Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation.
      - By then, some of the wastelands in the village had been converted to cultivable land. There exists no further scope to increase farm production by bringing new land under cultivation.
  - - - Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan
      - In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed.
- - - - Labour
        
        Skilled
        
        Mental work
        
        Unskilled
        
        Physical work
        
        human effort
      - Physical capital
        
        Fixed capital
        
        tools, machines, building,
        
        Working capital
        
        raw materials and money in hand
      - Land
        
        all free gifts of nature,
        
        water
        
        forests
        
        soil
      - Human capital
        
        knowledge and enterprise