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ISOMERY image Name: Nicolle Marcela Hernández Peña; Code:…

- - - - Example
  - - - Example
  - - - Example
- - - - CIS- TRANS
        
        CIS
        
        The two substituents are on the same side of the double bond
        
        The two substituents are on the same side of the cycle
        
        TRANS
        
        The two substituents are on opposite sides of the cycle
        
        The two substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond
        
        CRITERIA
        
        It is a disubstituted cycloalkane and the two substituents are attached to different carbons of the ring
        
        It is a disubstituted alkene and the two substituents are attached to different carbons of the double bond (different vinyl carbons)
        
        Example
        
        cis- 2- buteno
        
        trans- 2- buteno
        
        They can have markedly different physical and chemical properties
      - E-Z
        
        Tri- or tetra-substituted alkenes show geometric isomerism
        
        SEQUENCE RULE
        
        Highest priority substituents are identified
        
        If they are on the same side, the Z configuration is assigned
        
        If they are on opposite sides, the E configuration is assigned
        
        Substituents are prioritized
        
        CASES
        
        CASE 2
        
        If the atoms attached directly to the vinyl Cs are identical, sort the atoms that are attached to those atoms in descending order, according to their atomic number (Z)
        
        CASE 3
        
        If a substituent has a multiple bond, consider it equivalent to another substituent in which the atom with the multiple bond is bonded to the same number of atoms by single bonds
        
        CASE 1
        
        Consider each vinyl C separately, identify the atoms directly attached to them and rank them in descending order, according to their atomic number (Z)
        
        Example
        
        (E) - 2- cloro- 2- buteno
        
        (Z) - 2- cloro- 2- buteno
    - - They are stereoisomers that are characterized because one is the image specular of the other without being superimposable.Its physical properties and chemistries do not differ significantly
        
        Example
        
        CHIRALITY
        
        CAUSE
        
        The presence of chiral centers is the most common cause of chirality
        
        CHIRAL CENTER
        
        Carbon attached to four different atom groups (substituents)
        
        Property of an organic compound not to be superimposable with its mirror image
        
        AQUIRAL MOLECULE
        
        It does not have chiral centers
      - R-S
        
        STEPS TO INDICATE THE CONFIGURATION OF A CHIRAL CENTER
        
        STEP 1
        
        Identify the atoms directly attached to the chiral center
        
        Sort them in descending order, according to their atomic number (Z)
        
        If they are identical, sort the atoms that are attached to them in descending order, according to their atomic number
        
        STEP 2
        
        SUBSTITUTE WITH PRIORITY 4
        
        When linked to the chiral center by the broken bond
        
        SETTING
        
        2 more items...
        
        Example
        
        1 more item...
        
        Draw an arrow from the priority 1 substituent to the priority 2 substituent
        
        When not linked to the chiral center by the broken bond
        
        Draw an arrow from the priority 1 substituent to the priority 2 substituent
        
        1 more item...
        
        SETTING
        
        2 more items...
        
        Exchange with the substituent that is linked through the broken bond
        
        Example
        
        1 more item...
    - - They are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers; that is, they are not mirror images
      - CHIRAL CENTERS
        
        If a compound has more than one chiral center, the sequence rule must be applied to each chiral center individually
        
        If the priority 4 substituent is linked to the chiral center via the broken bond
        
        SETTING
        
        Clockwise
        
        Configuration R
        
        Against clockwise
        
        Configuration S
        
        Example
        
        Two pairs of these stereoisomers are enantiomers, they are non-overlapping mirror images
        
        Two pairs of stereoisomers are diastereoisomers, they are not enantiomers and they are not mirror images
        
        The priority 4 substituent is not linked to the chiral center via the broken bond
        
        SETTING
        
        Counterclockwise
        
        Swapped configuration of chiral center S
        
        Original configuration of the chiral center S
        
        Clockwise
        
        Exchange configuration of the chiral center R
        
        Configuración original del centro quiral R
        
        Example
        
        The configuration of both chiral centers in each pair of enantiomers is different
        
        The configuration of one of the chiral centers is the same in each pair of diastereoisomers, but the configuration of the other chiral center is different
        
        Exchanges the substituent linked through the intermittent bond with the substituent with priority 4
      - Their physical and chemical properties differ markedly