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Chapter 2: Hearing with the Eye: The Rise of Deaf Education in the United…
Chapter 2:
Hearing with the Eye: The Rise of Deaf Education in the United States
Chelsee Patterson
April 8th, 2021
Two Schools
Cobbs School
(South)
1815; Virginia
Private endeavor
Financed by Southern Slave owner William Bolling
Southerners believed in individual undertakings
Bolling advances Braidwood $600 then heard nothing for 4 months
Bolling made all necessary arrangements for William Albert to attend JBraidwood's school in DC once school opened; it never opened.
Thomas Jefferson said deaf education was not science it was charity
Diverged in social, political and economic matters
Agrarian, hundreds of successful slaveholding families; plantation lifestyle dependent
Distant, isolated and rural, surrounded by acres of slaves and plantations
7 students total
American School for the Deaf
1817; Hartford, Connecticut
Financed by Northern Eye Doctor Mason Fitch Cogswell
Northerners believed state cooperation was a necessity
New England economy, merchant trading with England; thriving seaports
More cosmopolitan
Children mastering sign language could immediately 'communicate with God' through their hands
More populated, students had easier transportation
Enrolled 31 students, mostly older than 15 yo, prelingually deaf
Opened April 15 1817
Bollings
Thomas Bolling first formally educated deaf individual in America
Bolling children received balance due for their tuition and settled in court (Bolling v. Braidwood) and settled account after selling 41 slaves
Suit important for 1: the expense to educate a deaf child
2: provides seminal portrait the nature, career and instruction of deaf children in Scotland schools.
William Bolling (father) final offspring of Thomas and Elizabeth, married 1st cousin Mary Randolph
William and Mary bore five children 2 being deaf
William Albert became Williams desire to establish deaf school
William Bolling determined to avoid separation from his own deaf son
Bolling knew nothing oof controversial aspects of JB
Bollings pleading proved effective and Braidwood was allowed to continue as a tutor
Bolling dispensed advice and inquired about JB's health, referencing his drinking.
Rescued Braidwood, again, met with minister John Kirkpatrick (school conductor)
Braidwood
Braidwood Academy in Edinburgh, Scotland emphasized oral methods
Samuel A. Johnson "They heard with the eye"
Philip Richard Fendall - Braidwood attorney in Bolling v. Braidwood
1812 John Braidwood comes to America
John Braidwood followed in footsteps of predecessors; received Braidwood method secrets.
JB - First opportunity to lead educational institution in 1810
Braidwood charges: price he thought reasonable
JB left Edinburgh Institute abruptly in 1812 causing institution to collapse.
Bolling and John Braidwood were first attempt to create educational system for deaf in US.
Speech teaching with small silver rod on tongue; causing time consumption and high prices
JB ran advertisements in Richmond Enquirer 6/1812 w/ grandiose intentions; opening school in Balt MD 7/1/1812
Philadelphia was abandoned by John Braidwood
JB "teaching oralism is drudgery and laborious"
1816 Braidwood left Cobbs school letting it fail
Died as a bartender in 1820
Mason Fitch Cogswell
Contacted
National Intelligencer
to contact John Braidwood
Not concerned with method to be taught; his ideas were how to financially support
Well connected friends
Eye Doctor
Conducted deaf population census in order to find funding for school. Found 84 deaf.
Realized that "deaf people already practiced sign language and would do so naturally and inevitably"
William Maffit
George L. Tubereville - step-son
Tuberville attended Cobbs school
William believed in oralism, not manuals
Gave $400 advancement to John Braidwood
"succeed only with scholars of uncommon genius"
Gallaudet
Gallaudet refused to sign Braidwood contract requiring him to stay many years and keep the secret.
Ran into Abbé Sicard and invited to Paris where he met Clerc
Clerc & Gallaudet travel to America teaching signing and reading/writing on voyage over
1817 Cogswell, Clerc and Gallaudet launch Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons
Gallaudet and Clerc 2 main teachers; described as "Prodigies of genius and humanity"