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mono, di & polysaccharides (glucose, starch, glycogen & cellulose)…

- - - - ratio of H to O is 2:1
    - - disaccharides
        
        sugars
      - polysaccarides
        
        non sugars
      - monosaccharides
  - - - 2) Pentoses
        
        C5H10O5 or (CH2O)5 e.g. ribose (RNA/DNA)
      - 3) Hexoses
        
        C6H12O6 or (CH2O)6 e.g. glucose -important in respiration (fuels) also they're building blocks for disaccharides & polysaccharides
      - 1) Trioses
        
        C3H6O3 or 9CH2))3 e.g. glyceraldehyde
  - - - alpha-glucose & beta-glucose
    - - its easily respired
      - it can join with other sugars to make disaccharides & polysaccharides
      - its a very small molecule& its soluble - can e taken in by cells easily & be transported
      - is isomers with all the other sugars with the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, e.g. fructose
- - - - intermediate in digestion of starch to glucose; sugar that gives malt its characteristic taste
  - - - form that carbohydrates are transported in the phloem of plants ; storage carbohydrate in may plants (sugar cane, 7 sugar beet where we obtain sugar)
  - - - sugar in milk, provides energy for young mammals
- - - - C5H10O5
        
        component of RNA, ATP & NAD
    - - C5H10O4
        
        component of DNA
  - - - C6H12O6
        
        energy source broken down in respiration - monomer from which starch & cellulose are made
    - - C6H12O6
        
        energy source like glucose, with glucose a component of sucrose
  - - - C3H6O3
        
        intermediate compound in respiration & photosynthesis
- - - - amylose
        
        unbranched (linear)
        
        repeating units of alpha-glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds
        
        the hydroxyl groups can form H bonds which keep it in a helix (amylose coil)
        
        with iodine test the iodine molecules get trapped between the amylose coils giving it he blue-black appearance
      - amylopectin
        
        also has 1-4 glycosidic bonds but also some 1-6 glycosidic bonds - cause molecule to branch
        
        branching give it a brush shape & make it compact & energy dense (lots of energy in small space)
    - - its compact
      - its insoluble (not affected by osmosis)
      - can be readily converted into sugars if you have the right enzymes
      - fairly unreactive, very stable
      - being branched means lots of sites for enzymes to bind to, very efficient to break down into sugars
      - don't have an osmotic effect (safe way of storing sugars - don't draw water into cells)
  - - - fibres criss-cross, forming a mesh providing extra strength
      - cellulose cell wall is fully permeable, solutes will pass through, useful to ions to pass through to root cells easily
      - cell wall prevents cell membrane from rupturing when it takes on water (but can still be turgid)
      - pectin (polysaccharide glue) which binds the cellulose fibres together
      - cutin & suberin (waxes) what gives leaves their waxy coating, to prevent transpiration, pathogens & aphids
      - lignin is a waterproofing substance found in xylem vessels
    - - cellophane
      - cellotape
      - paper
      - cotton clothes
    - - can't be digested (don't have cellulose - bacteria can produce it like in cow's stomach)
      - its a structural polysaccharide, not really used for energy but for strength
        
        plants don't need skeleton - cell wall must be strong
      - made from beta-glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds
      - linear, long, unbranced chains
      - adjacent sugar molecules are orientated 180' to each other
      - between adjacent chains H bonds are formed between the hydroxyl groups which hold the parallel chains together
      - when we have 70 chains in parallel we have a microfibril
      - when we have 400 microfibril in parallel we have a macrofibril (fibre)
  - - - holds cellulose together
    - - fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton
    - - used for energy in some plants
    - - bacterial cell wall
    - - produced by plants, helps block damaged vessels (phloem)
    - - form connective tissue