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OCEAN POLLUTION ocean conservation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The strategy outlines four main approaches to reducing global marine litter:
        
        Incentivizing the global recycling market in partnership with the private sector.
        
        Promoting research and development into innovative technologies and solutions.
        
        Building capacity for better waste management.
        
        Promoting litter removal, including through capture systems in seas and rivers.
  - - - A regime is established in the General Administration of Ports to avoid the contamination of water by hydrocarbons by means of a financial compensation for services that will be applied to the owners, ship-owners or maritime representatives of the ships, who, operating in the ports of their jurisdiction, are verified their spillage.
  - - - The Code aims to promote an ecologically and economically sustainable aquaculture industry through compliance with regulations, regarding the rights and safety of others, protecting the environment, treating aquatic animals humanely, and promoting the safety of shellfish and others. aquatic food for human consumption.
- - - - Various types of pollutants can get in the water through rain. A particular menace is carbon dioxide, which has built up with climate change. The oceans are absorbing the excess and becoming more acidic. Oceans are very polluted because of oil spills.
      - Land-based sources (such as agricultural run-off, discharge of nutrients and pesticides and untreated sewage including plastics) account for approximately 80% of marine pollution, globally
    - - Ocean pollution has consequences in the wild life that live in there
        
        Oil covering the feathers of birds and the gills of fish
        
        Skin and eye irritation and lung and liver problems from oil deposits and byproducts
        
        Reproductive system failure from exposure to poisonous industrial and agricultural chemicals
        
        Consumption of toxic substances stored in the fatty tissues of fish
        
        Runoff can even smother marine plants and coral reefs.
        
        Agricultural toxins can be deadly for some animals and plants.
  - - - In animals and in the ocean
        
        System failiure
        
        Behavioral changes
        
        Cancer
        
        Death
        
        Problems with the photosynthesis process
        
        Lung problems
        
        Sking irritation
        
        Eye irritation
    - - The overabundance of pollution generates a big increase of nitrogen and phosphorous. Because of this, oxygen is depleted and the area becomes a dead zone because marine life cannot survive in that environment. Fish and other forms of life that can swim away.
- - - - It’s clear that carriers will be paying for mitigating this mess through operating costs and fuel premiums as well as government and industry expenditures. Shippers need be aware of and plan to pay for actions by these groups to recover costs.
      - Doug Woodring, founder of the Ocean Recovery Alliance that runs the Plastic Disclosure Project, said that a recent $13 billion estimate is conservative. Woodring added that California, Oregon and Washington alone spend an estimated $500 million a year removing waste from the Pacific coastline.
      - At a cost of $5,000 to $20,000 per day, it would cost between $122 million and $489 million for one year. That’s a lot of money—and that’s only for boat time. Those figures don’t include equipment, disposal or labor costs—and keep in mind that not all debris items can be scooped up with a net.
  - - - -The Clean Cities, Blue Ocean program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is contributing $ 48 million over a five-year period to help rapidly urbanizing countries in Asia and Latin America to limit plastic pollution by improving solid waste management systems and promoting behavior changes.
      - -USAID launched the $ 14 million Municipal Waste Recycling Program in October 2016. This program has provided grants to 30 locally led projects with innovative and sustainable solutions in Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.
      - -USAID has also partnered with the Alliance to End Plastic Debris and with the private sector to deploy business models and technologies that improve the management of waste in cities that contribute to marine debris. The alliance has brought together more than 50 private companies who have pledged to collectively invest $ 1.5 billion in solutions to end plastic waste.
      - -USAID, in collaboration with the United States' International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), has also provided a $ 35 million partial loan guarantee to stimulate private sector investment in recycling in South and Southeast Asia.
- - - - The G20 Academies of Sciences calls for:
      - Use of expert, evidence-based advice and assessment using an ecosystem-based approach during further development of marine resources so as to minimize undesirable impacts on the marine environment;
      - Redoubling actions aiming to reduce stressors on coastal and marine ecosystems such as climate change, overfishing and pollution;
      - Establishment of more recycling and energy efficient practices at national, city and local levels, through stakeholder collaboration and science-based target setting and its follow-up;
      - Capacity building for both essential research infrastructures (including research vessels and remote and autonomous observation and survey capabilities) and human capital through education;
      - Establishment of an improved data storage and management system that ensures open access by scientists globally; and
      - Sharing of information gained through research activities carried out under extensive and multinational collaboration, to expedite a comprehensive understanding of the global ocean and its dynamics.