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PERSIA - Coggle Diagram
PERSIA
Darius
Building Works
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Persepolis
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Depictions of 23 nations willingly showing subservience - sense of resources coming from a vast empire
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Susa
Acropolis - columned halls, throne rooms, palaces
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Bisitun Inscription
Depicts himself as "arta" (truth) - bringing "restoration", putting things back in place
Depicts himself as chosen by Ahuramazda - the lead Persian god, as mentioned 63 times
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Graphic depictions of punishments - eyes, ears, etc.
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Aegea, India, Thrace & Scythia
513BC an invasion is sent into Europe, targeting western Scythia and Thrace
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Scylax was sent into the Indus valley, who soon joined
Herodotus claims Darius had an army of 700,000
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Marched through Thrace to the River Ister - built another bridge guarded by the Ionians while the Persians continued to Scythia
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Scythians drew out Persians, then went round back to the Ister before they could
They try to persuade the Ionians to desert and destroy the bridge, but they refuse
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Early Revolts
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Babylon, Elam, Persia, Egypt and Medea all revolted, some even multiple times
Ionian Revolt
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During the revolt, the Greek alliance razed Sardis to the ground, destroying the temple of major goddess: Cybele
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Rise to Power
The 7 attack - they pass the first guards peacefully, then fight past the eunuchs into the palace
Darius and one other confront Smerdis in a dark room, Darius kills him
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The 7 discuss the best form of power to put in place - democracy, oligarchy, monarchy?
The daughter of Otanes - Phydame - is married to Smerdis, and is instructed to check if he has ears
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Marathon
Persia Disadvantages
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Wasn't led by Darius - led by Datis, providing a scapegoat
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Miltiades Tactics
In order to account for having less numbers, he spread out the middle and put more troops at the ends
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Decided to run down off the high ground fast, so the archers would overshoot
These tactics worked with ~6400 Persian loses, but only 192 Athenian deaths
Realised Persian archers would be a big problem, and that the horses had been sent away to Athens
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Post-Marathon
Pheidippides runs back to Athens to announce νικη and to tell everyone to not kill themselves, then promptly dies
Persians sailing around in order to attack Athens, but the army is already there
Causes
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Athens had submitted to Persia, then helped in the Ionian revolt
Cambyses
Post-Egypt Campaigns
Ammon
50,000 Persians wiped out by desert sandstorm
Ethiopia
Unplanned, not enough food, ate camels, then cannibalism
Carthage
Likely never happened, due to Phoenician alliance
Cambyses' "Madness"
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Then mocks Egyptian religion, stabs Apis and has the priests whipped
Shoots Prexaspes' son through the heart to prove he doesn't drink too much, after being challenged about it
Mistakes Apis Bull celebrations for mocking his military failures, then kills Egyptian leaders after they "lie" to him about the bull
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Desecrates the tomb of Amasis - has the body whipped, pierced and burned
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Commits further acts of sacrilege by opening coffins, mocking temples and burning religious icons
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Contradictory Evidence
Inscription of Udjahorresne suggests Cambyses was respectful of Egyptian religion, for example he was instrumental in the restoration of the Temple of Neith
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Death
Having been prophesised to die in Ecbatana, he realises the town he is in is also called Ecbatana
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While on his horse, his sword comes out of his sheath and stabs him in the thigh (Apis similarity)
He attempts to tell the noblemen about the fake Smerdis, but dies
Prexaspes confirms the real Smerdis is dead, Cambyses realises he has misinterpreted the dream
Prexaspes denies murdering Smerdis, no longer having Cambyses' protection
Cambyses hears that a "Smerdis" is on the throne, declaring himself king when traveling back to Persia
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Cyrus
Babylon
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Euphrates division, soldiers enter when fordable
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Small fight outside the city, Babylonians retreat and siege begins
Cyrus Cylinder
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Mentioned Teispes as an ancestor, later used by Darius
Lydia
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Croesus is to be burned, gods send rain as a sign to keep him as an advisor
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Croesus was feeling threatened by Cyrus' expansion, so launched a pre-emptive attack across the River Halys onto Persian territory
Pasargadae
Had a citadel, 2 palaces and gateways
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400 acres, longer-lasting buildings of stone, walled gardens (paradaiza), waterways (1.1km)
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Tomb of Cyrus - steps, 2x3x2, rosette on gable, saddle roof - modest building (although supposedly gold coffin)
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Origins & Medea
Astyages has a vision that Mandane will be his downfall, so marries her to Cambyses I
Has another vision that Cyrus will be his downfall, so sends Harpagus to kill him
Harpagus can't make himself kill the baby, so orders shepherds to
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Taken to court after fighting a nobleman, where Astyages "recognises" him and is pleased
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When Cyrus moves to take Medea, Harpagus betrays Astyages and leads Medean troops for Cyrus
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Xerxes
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Accession, Depictions & Revolts
Depictions
other sources
'Persians' play by Aeschylus presents Xerxes as hot-headed, arrogant, immature and hubristic
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Revolts
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reasons for revolts
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realisation Darius was becoming old, inspiration from Marathon defeat
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Succession
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was the second oldest of 3 full brothers, possibly had to fight for the throne?
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