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Reproductive Concept Map Dayann Ortiz Period 6 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive Concept Map Dayann Ortiz Period 6
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (male and female)
Female Reproductive System
Produces the female gamete
Prepares to support developing embryo during pregnancy
Male Reproductive System
Produce large quantity of male game
Disseminate large quantity of male game
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes
Primary male sex organ
Produces sperm
Covering of Testes
Tunica Albuginea
Capsule surrounding the testes
Septa
Extension of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules
Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubles
Tightly coiled structures
Functions as sperm producing factories
Sertoli cells provide nutrients and supportive function
Empty sperm into the rete testis
Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis
Interstitial cells
Found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens such as testosterone
Ductus System
Epididymis
Comma shaped, tightly coiled tube
Found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side
Functions to mature and store sperm cells ( at least 20 days)
Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the vas deferens
Ductus deferens
Also known as Vas Deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
Move sperm by peristalsis
Spermatic cord
Made up ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra
Vasectomy
cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm
Urethra
Extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Carries both sperm and urine
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
External Genitalia
Penis
Tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
Conducts urine to exteior
Delivers semen into female reproductive tract
Regions of penis
Root
attached to body wall
Shaft
free,movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
Glans penis
Contains urethral opening
Prepuce
Fold cuff of skin around proximal end
Often removed in circumcision
Scrotum
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
Maintains testes at 3° C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
Accessory Organs
Seminal Vesicle
Produces a thick, akaline, yellowish secretion
Located at the base of the urinary bladder
Contains fructose, vitamin C, and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
Prostste Gland
Secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
Encircles the upper part of the urethra
Shape of chestnut and makes up 25% of semen
Bulbourethral gland
Also called Cowper's gland
Located at the base of the penis below the prostate
Secrete and alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation, and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
Pre-ejaculate cleanses neutralizes the traces of acidic urine
Makes up 5% of semen
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Ovaries
Female gonad, paired, almond-shaped organ on either side of uterus
Fibrous capsule is called tunica albuginea
Outer cortex houses developing female gamete, the oocyte, within follicles
Inner medulla contains loose connective tissue with large blood vessels and nerves
Suspensory ligaments
Secure ovary to lateral wall of pelvis
Ovarian ligament
Attach to uterus
Broad ligament
Encloses suspensory ligament
Ductus System
Uterine tube
Receives the ovulated oocyte
Provides a site for fertilization
Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube
Attached medially to the uterus
Regions of Uterine tube
Infundibulum
Open end is funnel-shaped, not directly connected to the ovary
Fimbriae
Finger-like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
Cillia
slowly moves the oocyte towards the uterus
Uterus
Located between the urinary bladder and rectum
Hollow organ
Functions of the uterus
Receives a fertilized egg
Retains the fertilized egg
Nourishes the fertilized egg
Support for uterus
Broad ligament
Attached to the pelvis
Round ligament
Anchors interiorly
Uterosacral ligament
Anchored posteriorly
Regions of the Uterus
Body
Main portion
Fundus
Area where uterine tube enters
Cervix
Narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
Walls of uterus
Endometrium
Inner layer
Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
Myometrium
Middle layer of smooth muscle
Perimetrium
Outer visceral peritoneum
Vagina
Extends from cervix to exterior of body
Behind bladder and in front of rectum
Serves as birth canal
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Hymen
Partially closers the vagina until it is ruptured
External Genitalia
Mon puubis
Fatty pad overyly the puboc area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Labia
Skin folds around the vaginal opening
Labia majora
Outer fold
Labia minora
Inner fold
Vestibule
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains the opening ti the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
Hormones of the Reproductive System (male and female)
Male Hormones
Leutinizing Hormone
Stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
At puberty stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
Triggered by low levels of testosterone
Controlled by negative feedback
Testosterone
Stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
Causes secondary sex characteristics
Deepening of voice
Increased hair growth
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
Thickening of bones
Female Hormones
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Luteinizing Hormone
Spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Inhibin
Decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormone released by follicle
Low levels causes release of FSH
High levels cause release of LH and GnRH
Thickening of uterine wall
Causes secondary sex characteristics
Breast development
Skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
Widening of hips
Appearance of bodily hair
Increase in fat beneath the skin
Onset on menses
Progesterone
Trigger suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
Estrogen, inhibin, and progesterone all are released by corpus luteum, shell left after release of the mature oocyte from the mature follicle
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Typical cycle runs 24-35 days
28 days on avergae
Ovarian cycle
Occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte
Made up of follicular phase
Before ovulation and luteal phase ( after ovulation)
Follicular phase
Day 1-14
Extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
FSH causes follicular cells to develop into primary follicle
Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
Only one follicle becomes Graafian follicle
Ovulation
Day 14
Truggered by sudden increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
Graaian follicle releases the oocyte
Slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6° F
Luteal Phase
Day 15-28
When follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes Corpus Luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
In absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albiacans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Uterine cycle
Occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
Made up of the menstrual phase, prolifertive phase, (before ovulation), and secretory phase (after ovulation)
Menstruation
Day 1-5
Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
Bleeding last for 3-5 days
Proliferative phase
Day 6-14
Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium causing it to double in thichkness
Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
Secretory Phase
Day 15-28
In response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus become ready for pregnancy
Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
If prgnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
Progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
Disorders associated with the Reproductive System
Chlamydia
Four million new cases occur each year
Most common STD
Caused by bacteria
Can be cured by antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Approximately 650,000 infected each year in US
Caused by bacteria
Spread from close sexual contact
Can be spread from mother to child during child birth
Can spread to other unlikely parts of bod (mouth, throat, rectum)
If left untreated can lead to infertility in both sexes
Can be cured with antibiotics
Syphilis
Goes symptomless for years
Caused by bacteria can be cured with antibiotics in early stages
Spread from person to person through direct contact with syphilis sore, semen, or vaginal fluids
Sores appear anywhere semen and vaginal fluids comes in contact with such as genitals, anus, rectum, lips, mouth, and eyes
Herpes
Caused by a herpes virus
Cannot be cured but can be treated with antiviral medication
Genital/Veneral Warts
Approximately 5.5 million new cases in US
20 million people currently infected in US
Caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)
No cure but prevent through vaccination
Symptoms same for males and females
Associated with cervical cancer in females
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Spread through sexual intercourse but can be passed by sharing needles or from mother to baby through child birth or breast feeding
No cure only treatment
Pubic lice or crabs
Caused by a parasite that look like "crabs"
Usually loctaed around pubic area around the hair but can be found in axilla, eyelashes, and mustaches
Spread through direct contact with lice even through bedding or clothing
Treated with shampoo or cream
Trichomoniasis
Caused by a tint parasite
Most commonly in women
Can transmitted to baby during delivery
Treatment through oral medication