Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reproductive System, Cassidy Zuniga, P6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - epididymis : matures and stores sperm cells (at least 20 days)
      - Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) : carries sperm from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct
      - Urethra : carries sperm and urine and helps to carry both liquids out of body through its opening at the top of the penis
    - - Seminal Vesicle: contains sugar, vitamin C, and other substances that nourish ad activate the sperm
      - Prostate Gland: secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm (allows for locomotion)
      - Bulbourethral gland: aka Cowper's gland; secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates penis
      - Scrotum: regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
      - Penis: conducts urine to exterior and delivers semen into female reproductive tract
  - - - Uterine (fallopian) tube: provide a site for fertilization
      - Uterus: receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized egg
      - Vagina: to receive the penis during sexual intercourse
    - - Mammary Glands: responsible for milk production after birth by the hormone prolactin
- - - - primary sex organs and contains
        covering around the organ
        
        Tunica Albuginea: capsule
        surrounding the testes
        
        Septa: extension of the capsule that
        extend into the testis and divide into lubules
      - inside lobules
        
        Seminiferous Tubules: tightly coiled structures
        that function as sperm-producing factories
        
        Sertoli Cells: provide nutrients
        and supportive functions
      - Interstitial (Leydig) Cells: found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens such as testosterone
    - - Epididymus: found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side
      - Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens): passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
      - Urethra: extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis (7-8 inches long)
    - - Seminal Vesicle: located at the base of
        the urinary bladder
      - Prostate Gland: encircles the upper part of the urethra and is shaped as a chestnut that makes up 25% of semen
      - Bulbourethral Gland: located at the base of the penis below the prostate which makes up 5% of semen
    - - Penis
        
        regions
        
        Root: attached to body wall
        
        Shaft (body): free, movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
        
        Glans Penis (enlarged tip): contains urethral opening
        
        internal structure
        
        Pair of corpora cavernosa: surrounds blood vessel which contain most of the blood during erection (penis become rigid due to enlargement of blood)
        
        Corpora Spongiosum: surrounds the uretra
        
        Prepuce (foreskin): fold cuff of skin around proximal end and is often removed in circumcision
      - Scrotum: divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
    - - Head: contains nucleus with DNA inside
      - Acrosome: anterior portion of head, contains
        enzyme needed for penetration of the female egg
      - Midpiece: contains mitochondria that provide energy, ATP, for journey through the female reproductive system
      - Flagella: only human cell with a tail that propels the spermatocyte
  - - - primary sex organ and
        contains support
        
        Suspensory Ligament: secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
        
        Ovarian Ligament: attach to uterus
        
        Broad Ligament: encloses suspensory ligament
    - - Uterine (Fallopian) Tube: attached
        medially to the uterus
        
        regions
        
        Infundibulum: open end is funnel
        shaped, not directly connected to the ovary
        
        Fimbriae: fingerlike projections at the distal end
        that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
      - Uterus: located between the
        urinary bladder and rectum
        
        support
        
        Broad Ligament: attached to the pelvis
        
        Round Ligament: anchor interiorly
        
        Uterosacral Ligament: anchored psteriorly
        
        regions
        
        Body: main portion
        
        Fundus: area where uterine tube enters
        
        Cervix: narrow outlet that protrudes into the
        vagina or opening into the uterus
        
        walls
        
        Endometrium
        
        inner layer
        
        allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
        
        sheds off if there is no pregnancy;
        occurs during menses
        
        Myometrium: middle layer of smooth muscle
        
        Perimetrium: outer visceral peritoneum
        (covering of abdominal organs)
      - Vagina: extends from cervix
        to exterior of body which lays
        behind bladder and in
        front of rectum
    - - Mon Pubis: fatty pad overly the pubic area,
        covered by pubic hair after puberty
      - Labia: skin folds around the vaginal opening
        
        Labia Majora: outer fold
        
        Labia Minora: inner fold
      - Vestibule:
        
        enclosed by labia majora
        
        contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland (produce mucus)
      - Clitoris:
        
        contains erectile tissue
        
        corresponds to the male penis
- - - - causes secondary sex characteristics
        
        deepening of voice
        
        increased hair growth
        
        enlargement of skeletal muscles
        
        thickening of bones
  - - - low levels causes release of FSH
      - high levels causes release of LH and GnRH
      - thickening of uterine wall
      - causes secondary sex characteristics
        
        breast development
        
        skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
        
        widening of jips
        
        appearance of bodily hair
        
        increase in fat beneath the skin
        
        onset on menses
    - - stimulates the development and growth of the lining
        of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
- - - - male symptoms
        
        small sores or clusters of blisters on penis
      - female symptoms
        
        fever and headaches
        
        blisters in or around the vagina
    - - symptoms (same for male and female)
        
        Warts look like tiny cauliflower but they can be flat
        
        may cause itching, brining, but most often do not cause pain
        
        Warts may be not detected in females because they are located internally
    - - Symptoms
        
        Possible to have no symptoms for years, until the immune system is targeted
        
        Fever, fatigue; also death can occur
        
        Swollen lymph mode
        
        Opportunistic infections
    - - Symptoms
        
        A terrible, persisting itchy around area
    - - Male Symptoms
        
        No symptoms
        
        Discomfort in urethra or inflamed head of penis
      - Females Symptoms
        
        Inching and burning at the opening of vagina and voiva
        
        Painful, Unpleasant odor, frothy, greenish, yellow discharge
  - - - Male symptoms
        
        Discharge from the penis and/or burning during urination
        
        Burning and itching around urethral opening of penis
        
        Pain and swelling in the testicles
        
        If infection progtesse, low grade fever due to inflammation of testicles or epididymis
      - Female symptoms
        
        No symptoms
        
        White or grey vaginal discharge(usually higher than usual) or burning during urination
        
        Lower pelvic or abdominal pain (Pelvic inflammatory disease (can lead to infertility) or PID)
        
        Bleeding between menstrual periods
        
        Low grade fever due to infection as infection progresses
    - - Male symptoms
        
        Yellow or white(usually high) drip/discharge
        
        Burning or pain when urinating
        
        frequent urination
        
        swollen testicles
      - Female symptoms
        
        Yellow or white discharge(similar to men's) from vagina
        
        May be burning or pain when urinating
        
        Bleeding between periods and heavier or more painful periods
        
        cramps or pain in lower abdomen
        
        nausea or fever
    - - Early symptoms
        
        Painful sores at point of contact called chancres
        
        chancres can turn to copper-colored skin rashes on hand and feet or cover the entire body
      - Later symptoms
        
        Fever, headaches, loss of appetite
        
        Symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually travel to other organs including brain, eyes, heart, etc., causing organ damage
        
        can lead to death in 10-30 years due to heart attack or from brain damage
- - - - day 1 to 14
      - extends from the beginning menstruation until ovulation
      - FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
      - follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
      - only one follicle becomes Graafian follicle
    - - day 14
      - triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
      - Graafian follicle releases oocyte
    - - day 15 to 28
      - when follicle expels he oocyte, the empty shell becomes corpus luteum
      - corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
      - in absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
      - if pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
  - - - day 1 to 5
      - decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to construct, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
      - bleeding last for 3-5 days
    - - day 6 to 14
      - estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium causing it to double in thickness
      - thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
    - - day 15 to 28
      - in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
      - uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
      - if pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
      - progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase