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UNIT1: Areas to revise - Coggle Diagram
UNIT1: Areas to revise
Ownership
Vertical integration:This is when a conglomerate company owns/controls its supplier/subsidiaries. It allows for the company to control the process. An example is that Disney owns and has full control over pixar and its products.
Advantages:
Allows for better cost control through distribution
Access to more production inputs Benefit from lower costs.
Disadvantages:
Loss of continuing focus on the originating business
Higher cost due to lower volume
Could hurt a company when new technologies evolve quickly and become available as they will need to upgrade
Horizontal integration:This is when a company increases the production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via merging with another company. An example of this would be when Verizon merged with Vodafone.
Advantages: Increasing market share
Reducing competition
Creating economies of scale
Disadvantages:
Reduced flexibility
overall costs of doing a merger or takeover
It can cause confusion within the businesses
Conglomerate: A conglomerate company is a company that owns smaller businesses(subsidiaries). E.G.Disney
Advantages:
Expanded customer base Company has full control over subsidiaries.
Disadvantages:
Result in loss of effiecncy
Could lead to a lack of market efficiency
Resources will be split over both businesses
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Synergy: Synergy is when two or more companies join together to produce an outcome that is greater then the some of their separate effects. An example of this is when the film Skyfall was advertised alongside other product. E.G.Coca Cola.
Advantages:
Companies can spread commercial interests
Reduction in risk for the separate businesses
An increased profit for each company
Enhances company image
Disadvantages:
Synergy within companies can be difficult to obtain
In synergy the managers can usually underestimate certain issues which can then cause problems for both companies
Pre-Production Process
Pre-production: Pre-production is the stage of a film, television or commercial production where its is planned out so that everyone knows what they need to design and how they will design their product.
Advantages:
It ensures that the entire team knows exactly what's going on
They can use it to see the entire process that they've gone through
Disadvantages:
It can take time to set up
Hired actors and locations will have off-periods.
May havwe rented expensive equipment for days you cant film
Production: This is the next stage after pre production in which the visual content of the product will be filmed or production of the product will begin.
Advantages:It allows for the team to see how there product will look.
A well planned production function will lead to good quality products
Disadvantages:
Cost of producing one unit or job is higher
Labour –intensive
Requires investment in skills and training
Post-Production: Post-Production is the stage after production when the filming is done and the editing of the product can begin. This can consist of things like editing raw footage.
Advantages:By editing it allows them to create the meaning and messages in the product/film
It allows the person to go through the product and add extra content
Disadvantages: Once there at this stage mistakes within the product maybe more difficult to correct
Data Analysis
OFCOM: Is the regulator for the communications services that we use and rely on each day. They make sure people get the best from their home phone and mobile services, as well as keeping an eye on TV and radio. For example they monitor channels like the BBC to make sure that the shows/news on the channel satisfy the consumers.
Advantages: promote innovation and competition in the provision of networks and services
Its objective is to secure the maximum benefit for citizen-consumers, industry and the wider economy.
Disadvantages:
The first disadvantage it may not tell them which category OFCOM is talking about for example the TV or radio.
Ofcom may not cover all types of businesses
BARB: Broadcaster audience research board Is responsible for delivering the UK's television audience measurement currency(viewership). An example could be ITV looking at how many people watch BBC news from 7:00am to 9:00am.
Advantages: Lets people or the different companies know which show is trending with the consumers
Allows for you to see which shows are most popular at a specific time throughout the day
Disadvantages:
The viewership of each show may not be accurate
Doesn't give you the precise types of audiences that watch the shows for example are they in between the age of 16-25 or male or female
RAJAR: Stands for Radio Joint Audience Research. It is the official company in charge of measuring radio audiences in the UK. An example of this could be BBC Radio 2 finding the amount of people that may listen to other channels like Magic or LBC London.
Advantages:
Tells people which radio channel is listened to the most
Disadvantages:
The information that RAJAR have on their website may be outdated
They may not be accurate measurements of the total number of people who listen to the different channels
Media effects:
Cultivation Theory:
George Gerbner(1973)
People who are regularly exposed to the media for long periods of time may start to believe everything that they see on it.
Uses and Gratifications:
(Denis McQuail 1972)
This asserts that people use media for their own wants and needs and that they should know the difference between fantasy vs reality.
Escapism-playing video games to escape from reality
Surveillance-watching channels like BBC news to see what's going on in the world
Build personal identity-Looking to social media starts and wanting to be like them
Passive audience:
Hypodermic syringe (Adorno and Horkheimer)
A passive audience believes everything that they see on tv without questioning it and can eventually lead to people stereotyping certain groups of people.
Active audience:
An active audience is an audience that's sees different things on tv and believe what they choose to believe
Encoding/decoding (Stuart Hall 1980)
Audiences have different readings based on their own upbringing or culture and are separated into 3 different catorgries
-Preferred meaning: This is when the audience will genually accept the viewpoint of a story
-Negotiated meaning: This is where people will will agree with the message in general, although the message will be negotiated by the audience
-Oppositional meaning: This is where the audience understand the message but do not agree with it at all
Fandom:
Henry Jenkins (2012)
This is when an audience are organised and motivated by a particular media producer franchise. Rather than just play video games people may build their own social and cultural identities. An example of this can be Star Wars where people dress up as characters from the films.
End of traditional audience (Clay shirk 2008)
New media like the internet and technologies have had a significant effect on relations between media and audiences.
Now-days media consumers speak back to the media in various ways which is creating and sharing content with one another
This can be accomplished through comment sections internet forums and media products.
Moral panic theory (Stanley Cohen 1972): This is when the public may have a mass media concern in response to a media product that could be threatening to certain groups or debasing moral standards. People may demonise groups of people or items that they believe have become a threat to society.
Production techniques:
Mise en scene: This refers to the setting of the scene for example the lighting, costume, location and where they should be placed within a scene.(element of the scene).
Camera Work: This is how something is filmed within a scene or for the scene for example a high angle or low angle shots.
Panning-left to right or right to left-used to set the scene.