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Reproductive System Valerie Perez Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Valerie Perez Period 2
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Uterus
Located between the urinary bladder & rectum
Functions
Receive a fertilized egg
Retain the fertilized egg
Nourishes the fertilized egg
Supports
Broad ligament - attached to the pelvis
Round ligament - anchor interiorly
Uterosacral ligament - anchored posteriorly
Layers
Endometrium - Inner layer, allows implantation of a fertilized egg
Myometrium - Middle layer of smooth muscle
Perimetrium - Outer visceral peritoneum
External Genitalia
Clitoris
Can become engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
Vestibule
Area enclosed by labia majora
Opening to the urethra & greater vestibular gland or bartholins gland
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Labia
Labia majora - Outer fold
Skin fold around the vaginal opening
Labia minora - Inner fold
Mons pubis
Fatty over the pubic symphysis, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Vagina
Serves as birth canal
Behind bladder & in front of rectum
Extends from cervix to exterior of body
Hymen - membrane that partially closes the vaginal opening, allows for vaginal secretions to pass to the outside
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Ovaries
Support
Ovarian ligament - Attach ovary to uterus
Suspensory ligaments - Secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
Broad ligament - Excloses suspensory ligament
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Inner medulla - loose connective tissue with large blood vessels & nerves
Cortex - female gamete, the oocyte, within follicles
Primary female sex organ
Almond-shaped organ, on either side of uterus
Produce eggs & hormones
Uterine tube
Provide a site for fertilization
Attached medially to the uterus
Receive the ovulated oocyte
Does not physically attach to the ovary
Fimbriae - fingerlike projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte from the ovary
Supported by the broad ligament
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Vas deferens
Goes through the inguinal canal & over the urinaru bladder
Moves by peristalsis (forward)
Carries sperm from epidemic to the ejaculatory duct
Vasectomy - cutting of the ductus deferent at the level of testes to prevent transportation of sperm
Bulubourethral gland
Secretes an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation
Lubricates penis for penetration
Located at base of the penis below the prostate
Makes up 5% semen
Urethra
7-8 inches long, extending from urinary bladder base to tip of penis
Carries both sperm & urine
Sperm enters through ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Encircles the upper part of the urethra
Secretes milky fluid that helps activate sperm
Shape of chestnut & makes up 25% of semen
Scrotum
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that hods the testes
Regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
Maintains testes at 3'C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
Testes
Functions as sperm-producing factories
Primary male sex organ
Coverings of Testes
Tunica albuginea - capsule surrounding the testes
Septa (septum) - extends into testes & divides into lobules
External structure
Epididymis
Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube
Superior part of testis & posterior lateral side
Functions to mature & store sperm cells (20 days)
Contractions force sperm into the vas deferens
Penis
Regions of penis
Shaft - Free, a movable portion of penis, contains 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
Glans penis - Contains urethral opening
Root - attached to body wall
Prepuce - fold cuff of skin around proximal end
Tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
Delivers urine to exterior
Semen into female reproductive tract
Internal structure of penis
Corpora Cavernosa - Tissue surrounding blood vessel that contain blood during erection
Corpora Spongiosum - Surrounds the urethra
Hormones of the reproductive system
Female/male sex hormones
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Estrogen - Primary female sex hormone released by follicle
Low levels causes release of FSH
High levels release LH & GnRH
Stimulates growth of uterus, vaginal, necessary for ovum maturation
Required for breast development
Progesterone - Triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Prepares mammary glands for lactation
Helps maintain pregnancy
Stimulates the development & growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
Maintains myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of embryo has occurred
Androgens - Responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in men
Testosterone - Regulate sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass, strength & production of red blood cells & sperm
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LH - spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle (1)
Both LH & FSH release by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
FSH - stimulates the development & maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
Inhibin - decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
GnRH - released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH & FSH (same as males)
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Site rise in progesterone
Ovulation - Day 14, triggered by sudden spike increase in LH, graafian follicle release the oocyte
Follicular phase - Beginning of menstruation until ovulation, cells secrete estrogen, 1 follicle will become egg
Luteal Phase - Follicle expels oocyte, empty shell becomes corpus luteum, then secretes progesterone, estrogen & inhibit suppressing FSH
Uterine Cycle
Prolifative phase - Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, then doubles
Secretory phase - Uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
Menstruation - Decline of estrogen & progesterone, cells become ischemic & die
Uterus prepares for fertilized egg
Uterine glands enlarge & secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone, leading to menstrual phase
Disorders associated with reproductive system
Chlamydia - Spread by having sexual intercourse with someone who has it
Gonorrhea - Cause infections in the genitals, rectum, & throat
Menopause - Menstrual cycle ceases, between 44-55 days
Ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen & progesterone
Symptoms - Hot flashes, dizziness, headaches, etc.
Syphilis - Can get it by direct contact with a syphilis sore during sexual intercourse
Prostate Cancer - 2nd most common cancer among men
Trouble urinating, blood in semen, ED, discomfort in pelvic area, bone pain
Major functions of the reproductive system
Male reproductive system
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Functions to produce & disseminate a large quanitity of male gamete
Goal is to produce sperm & deliver to egg
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive system
Female reproductive system
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Prepares for support of developing embryo during pregnancy
Facilitates fertilization, supports, & nourishes the growing embryo
Produces female gamete